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# Axes and Scales
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Axis management for controlling coordinate systems, labels, tick marks, and value ranges. Axes define the coordinate space for plots and provide the visual framework for interpreting chart data through scales, labels, and grid lines.
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## Capabilities
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### Base Axis Interface
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Common functionality for all axis types including labels, tick marks, and visual appearance.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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 * Abstract base class for all axis types
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 */
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public abstract class Axis implements Cloneable, Serializable {
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    // Visibility control
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    public boolean isVisible();
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    public void setVisible(boolean flag);
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    // Axis label
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    public String getLabel();
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    public void setLabel(String label);
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    public Font getLabelFont();
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    public void setLabelFont(Font font);
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    public Paint getLabelPaint();
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    public void setLabelPaint(Paint paint);
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    public RectangleInsets getLabelInsets();
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    public void setLabelInsets(RectangleInsets insets);
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    public double getLabelAngle();
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    public void setLabelAngle(double angle);
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    public AxisLabelLocation getLabelLocation();
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    public void setLabelLocation(AxisLabelLocation location);
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    // Axis line
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    public boolean isAxisLineVisible();
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    public void setAxisLineVisible(boolean visible);
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    public Stroke getAxisLineStroke();
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    public void setAxisLineStroke(Stroke stroke);
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    public Paint getAxisLinePaint();
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    public void setAxisLinePaint(Paint paint);
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    // Tick labels
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    public boolean isTickLabelsVisible();
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    public void setTickLabelsVisible(boolean flag);
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    public Font getTickLabelFont();
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    public void setTickLabelFont(Font font);
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    public Paint getTickLabelPaint();
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    public void setTickLabelPaint(Paint paint);
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    public RectangleInsets getTickLabelInsets();
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    public void setTickLabelInsets(RectangleInsets insets);
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    // Tick marks
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    public boolean isTickMarksVisible();
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    public void setTickMarksVisible(boolean flag);
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    public float getTickMarkInsideLength();
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    public void setTickMarkInsideLength(float length);
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    public float getTickMarkOutsideLength();
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    public void setTickMarkOutsideLength(length);
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    public Stroke getTickMarkStroke();
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    public void setTickMarkStroke(Stroke stroke);
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    public Paint getTickMarkPaint();
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    public void setTickMarkPaint(Paint paint);
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    // Minor tick marks
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    public boolean isMinorTickMarksVisible();
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    public void setMinorTickMarksVisible(boolean flag);
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    public float getMinorTickMarkInsideLength();
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    public void setMinorTickMarkInsideLength(float length);
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    public float getMinorTickMarkOutsideLength();
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    public void setMinorTickMarkOutsideLength(float length);
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    // Fixed dimension
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    public double getFixedDimension();
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    public void setFixedDimension(double dimension);
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    // Change notification
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    public void addChangeListener(AxisChangeListener listener);
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    public void removeChangeListener(AxisChangeListener listener);
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    // Abstract methods
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    public abstract AxisState draw(Graphics2D g2, double cursor, Rectangle2D plotArea, Rectangle2D dataArea, RectangleEdge edge, PlotRenderingInfo plotRenderingInfo);
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    public abstract List refreshTicks(Graphics2D g2, AxisState state, Rectangle2D dataArea, RectangleEdge edge);
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}
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```
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### Value Axes
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Base class for axes that display numeric values, providing range management and coordinate transformations.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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 * Abstract base class for axes that display numeric values
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 */
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public abstract class ValueAxis extends Axis {
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    // Range management
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    public Range getRange();
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    public void setRange(Range range);
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    public void setRange(double lower, double upper);
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    public double getLowerBound();
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    public void setLowerBound(double min);
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    public double getUpperBound();
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    public void setUpperBound(double max);
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    // Auto-ranging
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    public boolean isAutoRange();
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    public void setAutoRange(boolean auto);
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    public boolean isAutoTickUnitSelection();
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    public void setAutoTickUnitSelection(boolean flag);
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    public double getAutoRangeMinimumSize();
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    public void setAutoRangeMinimumSize(double size);
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    public double getDefaultAutoRange();
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    public void setDefaultAutoRange(Range range);
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    // Axis orientation
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    public boolean isInverted();
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    public void setInverted(boolean inverted);
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    // Margins
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    public double getLowerMargin();
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    public void setLowerMargin(double margin);
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    public double getUpperMargin();
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    public void setUpperMargin(double margin);
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    // Arrows
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    public boolean isPositiveArrowVisible();
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    public void setPositiveArrowVisible(boolean visible);
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    public boolean isNegativeArrowVisible();
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    public void setNegativeArrowVisible(boolean visible);
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    public Shape getUpArrow();
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    public void setUpArrow(Shape arrow);
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    public Shape getDownArrow();
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    public void setDownArrow(Shape arrow);
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    public Shape getLeftArrow();
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    public void setLeftArrow(Shape arrow);
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    public Shape getRightArrow();
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    public void setRightArrow(Shape arrow);
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    // Coordinate transformation
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    public abstract double valueToJava2D(double value, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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    public abstract double java2DToValue(double java2DValue, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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    // Range operations
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    public void centerRange(double value);
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    public void setRangeAboutValue(double value, double length);
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    public void resizeRange(double percent);
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    public void resizeRange(double percent, double anchorValue);
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    public void resizeRange2(double percent, double anchorValue);
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    public void zoomRange(double lowerPercent, double upperPercent);
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    public void pan(double percent);
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    // Tick units
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    public TickUnit getTickUnit();
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    public void setTickUnit(TickUnit unit);
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    public void setTickUnit(TickUnit unit, boolean notify, boolean turnOffAutoSelection);
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}
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```
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### Number Axis
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Axis for displaying numeric values with number formatting and auto-ranging capabilities.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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 * Axis for displaying numeric values
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 */
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public class NumberAxis extends ValueAxis {
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    /**
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     * Creates a number axis with no label
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     */
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    public NumberAxis();
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    /**
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     * Creates a number axis with a label
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     * @param label the axis label
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     */
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    public NumberAxis(String label);
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    // Number formatting
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    public NumberFormat getNumberFormatOverride();
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    public void setNumberFormatOverride(NumberFormat formatter);
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    public RectangleInsets getTickLabelInsets();
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    public void setTickLabelInsets(RectangleInsets insets);
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    // Auto-range behavior
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    public boolean isAutoRangeIncludesZero();
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    public void setAutoRangeIncludesZero(boolean flag);
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    public boolean isAutoRangeStickyZero();
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    public void setAutoRangeStickyZero(boolean flag);
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    // Tick units
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    public TickUnitSource getStandardTickUnits();
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    public void setStandardTickUnits(TickUnitSource source);
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    public static TickUnitSource createIntegerTickUnits();
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    public static TickUnitSource createStandardTickUnits();
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    // Tick labels
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    public boolean isVerticalTickLabels();
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    public void setVerticalTickLabels(boolean flag);
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    // Range type
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    public RangeType getRangeType();
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    public void setRangeType(RangeType rangeType);
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}
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/**
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 * Logarithmic number axis
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 */
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public class LogAxis extends ValueAxis {
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    /**
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     * Creates a logarithmic axis with no label
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     */
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    public LogAxis();
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    /**
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     * Creates a logarithmic axis with a label
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     * @param label the axis label
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     */
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    public LogAxis(String label);
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    public double getBase();
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    public void setBase(double base);
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    public String getBaseSymbol();
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    public void setBaseSymbol(String symbol);
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    public boolean isBaseFormatter();
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    public void setBaseFormatter(boolean baseFormatter);
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    public NumberFormat getBaseFormat();
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    public void setBaseFormat(NumberFormat formatter);
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    public boolean isLogTickLabelsFlag();
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    public void setLogTickLabelsFlag(boolean flag);
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    public boolean isExpTickLabelsFlag();
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    public void setExpTickLabelsFlag(boolean flag);
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    public boolean isStrictValuesFlag();
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    public void setStrictValuesFlag(boolean flg);
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    public boolean getAllowNegativesFlag();
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    public void setAllowNegativesFlag(boolean flg);
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}
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```
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**Usage Example:**
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```java
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import org.jfree.chart.axis.*;
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import java.text.DecimalFormat;
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// Create and customize number axis
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NumberAxis yAxis = new NumberAxis("Revenue ($)");
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yAxis.setRange(0, 1000000);
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yAxis.setAutoRange(false);
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yAxis.setAutoRangeIncludesZero(true);
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// Custom number formatting
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DecimalFormat formatter = new DecimalFormat("$#,##0");
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yAxis.setNumberFormatOverride(formatter);
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// Customize appearance
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yAxis.setLabelFont(new Font("Arial", Font.BOLD, 14));
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yAxis.setTickLabelFont(new Font("Arial", Font.PLAIN, 12));
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yAxis.setLabelPaint(Color.BLUE);
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yAxis.setTickLabelPaint(Color.BLACK);
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// Set custom tick units
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yAxis.setTickUnit(new NumberTickUnit(50000));
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yAxis.setMinorTickMarksVisible(true);
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// Apply to plot
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plot.setRangeAxis(yAxis);
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// Create logarithmic axis
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LogAxis logAxis = new LogAxis("Log Scale");
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logAxis.setBase(10);
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logAxis.setStrictValuesFlag(false);
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logAxis.setAllowNegativesFlag(false);
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logAxis.setAutoRangeMinimumSize(1.0);
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plot.setRangeAxis(logAxis);
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```
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### Date Axis
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Axis for displaying date and time values with automatic date formatting and time zone support.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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 * Axis for displaying date and time values
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 */
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public class DateAxis extends ValueAxis {
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    /**
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     * Creates a date axis with no label
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     */
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    public DateAxis();
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    /**
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     * Creates a date axis with a label
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     * @param label the axis label
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     */
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    public DateAxis(String label);
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    // Date range
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    public Date getMinimumDate();
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    public void setMinimumDate(Date date);
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    public Date getMaximumDate();
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    public void setMaximumDate(Date date);
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    public Range getDefaultAutoRange();
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    public void setDefaultAutoRange(Range range);
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    // Date formatting
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    public DateFormat getDateFormatOverride();
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    public void setDateFormatOverride(DateFormat formatter);
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    // Tick units
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    public DateTickUnit getTickUnit();
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    public void setTickUnit(DateTickUnit unit);
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    public DateTickMarkPosition getTickMarkPosition();
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    public void setTickMarkPosition(DateTickMarkPosition position);
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    // Time zone
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    public TimeZone getTimeZone();
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    public void setTimeZone(TimeZone zone);
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    // Timeline support
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    public Timeline getTimeline();
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    public void setTimeline(Timeline timeline);
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    // Date utility methods
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    public static Date calculateLowestVisibleTickValue(DateTickUnit unit, Date lowerBound, DateTickMarkPosition tickMarkPosition, TimeZone timeZone);
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    public static Date calculateHighestVisibleTickValue(DateTickUnit unit, Date upperBound, DateTickMarkPosition tickMarkPosition, TimeZone timeZone);
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    public static Date nextStandardDate(Date date, DateTickUnit unit);
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    public static Date previousStandardDate(Date date, DateTickUnit unit);
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}
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/**
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 * Date tick unit for controlling date axis tick spacing
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 */
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public class DateTickUnit extends TickUnit {
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    /**
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     * Creates a date tick unit
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     * @param unitType the date unit type (YEAR, MONTH, DAY, etc.)
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     * @param multiple the multiple of the unit type
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     */
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    public DateTickUnit(DateTickUnitType unitType, int multiple);
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    /**
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     * Creates a date tick unit with custom formatting
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     * @param unitType the date unit type
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     * @param multiple the multiple of the unit type
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     * @param formatter the date formatter
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     */
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    public DateTickUnit(DateTickUnitType unitType, int multiple, DateFormat formatter);
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    public DateTickUnitType getUnitType();
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    public int getMultiple();
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    public long getMillisecondCount();
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    public DateFormat getFormatter();
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    public String dateToString(Date date);
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    // Calendar field constants
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    public static final DateTickUnitType YEAR = new DateTickUnitType("YEAR", Calendar.YEAR);
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    public static final DateTickUnitType MONTH = new DateTickUnitType("MONTH", Calendar.MONTH);
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    public static final DateTickUnitType DAY = new DateTickUnitType("DAY", Calendar.DATE);
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    public static final DateTickUnitType HOUR = new DateTickUnitType("HOUR", Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY);
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    public static final DateTickUnitType MINUTE = new DateTickUnitType("MINUTE", Calendar.MINUTE);
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    public static final DateTickUnitType SECOND = new DateTickUnitType("SECOND", Calendar.SECOND);
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    public static final DateTickUnitType MILLISECOND = new DateTickUnitType("MILLISECOND", Calendar.MILLISECOND);
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}
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/**
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 * Period axis for displaying time periods
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 */
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public class PeriodAxis extends ValueAxis {
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    /**
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     * Creates a period axis
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     * @param label the axis label
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     */
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    public PeriodAxis(String label);
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    /**
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     * Creates a period axis with time zone
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     * @param label the axis label
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     * @param first the first period
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     * @param last the last period
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     */
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    public PeriodAxis(String label, RegularTimePeriod first, RegularTimePeriod last);
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    public RegularTimePeriod getFirst();
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    public void setFirst(RegularTimePeriod first);
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    public RegularTimePeriod getLast();
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    public void setLast(RegularTimePeriod last);
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    public TimeZone getTimeZone();
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    public void setTimeZone(TimeZone timeZone);
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    public boolean isAutoRangeTimePeriodClass();
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    public void setAutoRangeTimePeriodClass(Class timePeriodClass);
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    public PeriodAxisLabelInfo[] getLabelInfo();
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    public void setLabelInfo(PeriodAxisLabelInfo[] info);
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}
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```
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**Usage Example:**
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```java
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import org.jfree.chart.axis.*;
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import org.jfree.data.time.*;
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import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
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import java.util.TimeZone;
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// Create date axis
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DateAxis timeAxis = new DateAxis("Time");
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// Set date range
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Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();
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cal.set(2023, Calendar.JANUARY, 1);
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Date startDate = cal.getTime();
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cal.set(2023, Calendar.DECEMBER, 31);
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Date endDate = cal.getTime();
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timeAxis.setMinimumDate(startDate);
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timeAxis.setMaximumDate(endDate);
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// Custom date formatting
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SimpleDateFormat dateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("MMM yyyy");
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timeAxis.setDateFormatOverride(dateFormat);
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// Set tick unit
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timeAxis.setTickUnit(new DateTickUnit(DateTickUnitType.MONTH, 1));
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timeAxis.setTickMarkPosition(DateTickMarkPosition.START);
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// Time zone support
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timeAxis.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getTimeZone("America/New_York"));
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// Apply to plot
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plot.setDomainAxis(timeAxis);
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// Period axis example
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PeriodAxis periodAxis = new PeriodAxis("Quarters");
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periodAxis.setFirst(new Quarter(1, 2023));
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periodAxis.setLast(new Quarter(4, 2024));
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periodAxis.setTimeZone(TimeZone.getDefault());
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// Configure period labels
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PeriodAxisLabelInfo[] labelInfo = new PeriodAxisLabelInfo[2];
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labelInfo[0] = new PeriodAxisLabelInfo(Quarter.class, new SimpleDateFormat("Q"));
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labelInfo[1] = new PeriodAxisLabelInfo(Year.class, new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy"));
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periodAxis.setLabelInfo(labelInfo);
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```
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### Category Axis
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Axis for displaying categorical labels with support for label positioning and rotation.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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 * Axis for displaying category labels
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 */
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public class CategoryAxis extends Axis {
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    /**
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     * Creates a category axis with no label
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     */
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    public CategoryAxis();
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    /**
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     * Creates a category axis with a label
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     * @param label the axis label
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     */
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    public CategoryAxis(String label);
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    // Margins
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    public double getLowerMargin();
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    public void setLowerMargin(double margin);
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    public double getUpperMargin();
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    public void setUpperMargin(double margin);
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    public double getCategoryMargin();
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    public void setCategoryMargin(double margin);
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    // Label display
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    public int getMaximumCategoryLabelLines();
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    public void setMaximumCategoryLabelLines(int lines);
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    public float getMaximumCategoryLabelWidthRatio();
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    public void setMaximumCategoryLabelWidthRatio(float ratio);
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    public int getCategoryLabelPositionOffset();
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    public void setCategoryLabelPositionOffset(int offset);
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    // Label positioning
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    public CategoryLabelPositions getCategoryLabelPositions();
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    public void setCategoryLabelPositions(CategoryLabelPositions positions);
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    public boolean isVerticalCategoryLabels();
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    public void setVerticalCategoryLabels(boolean flag);
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    // Coordinate calculations
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    public double getCategoryStart(int category, int categoryCount, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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    public double getCategoryMiddle(int category, int categoryCount, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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    public double getCategoryEnd(int category, int categoryCount, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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    public double getCategorySeriesMiddle(int categoryIndex, int categoryCount, int seriesIndex, int seriesCount, double itemMargin, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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    // Java2D coordinate conversion
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    public double categoryToJava2D(Comparable category, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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    public double valueToJava2D(double value, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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    public Comparable java2DToCategory(double java2DValue, Rectangle2D area, RectangleEdge edge);
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}
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/**
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 * Sub-category axis for hierarchical categories
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 */
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public class SubCategoryAxis extends CategoryAxis {
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    /**
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     * Creates a sub-category axis
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     * @param label the axis label
513
     */
514
    public SubCategoryAxis(String label);
515
    
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    public void addSubCategory(Comparable subcategory);
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    public List getSubCategories();
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    public Paint getSubLabelPaint();
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    public void setSubLabelPaint(Paint paint);
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    public Font getSubLabelFont();
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    public void setSubLabelFont(Font font);
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}
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/**
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 * Extended category axis with additional features
526
 */
527
public class ExtendedCategoryAxis extends CategoryAxis {
528
    
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    /**
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     * Creates an extended category axis
531
     * @param label the axis label
532
     */
533
    public ExtendedCategoryAxis(String label);
534
    
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    public Map getSubLabelFonts();
536
    public void setSubLabelFont(Comparable category, Font font);
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    public Font getSubLabelFont(Comparable category);
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    public Map getSubLabelPaints();
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    public void setSubLabelPaint(Comparable category, Paint paint);
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    public Paint getSubLabelPaint(Comparable category);
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}
542

543
/**
544
 * Symbol axis for displaying symbol-based labels
545
 */
546
public class SymbolAxis extends NumberAxis {
547
    
548
    /**
549
     * Creates a symbol axis
550
     * @param label the axis label
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     * @param sv the list of symbols
552
     */
553
    public SymbolAxis(String label, String[] sv);
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    public String[] getSymbols();
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    public void setSymbols(String[] symbols);
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    public boolean isGridBandsVisible();
558
    public void setGridBandsVisible(boolean flag);
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    public Paint getGridBandPaint();
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    public void setGridBandPaint(Paint paint);
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    public Paint getGridBandAlternatePaint();
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    public void setGridBandAlternatePaint(Paint paint);
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}
564
```
565

566
**Usage Example:**
567

568
```java
569
import org.jfree.chart.axis.*;
570

571
// Create category axis
572
CategoryAxis categoryAxis = new CategoryAxis("Products");
573

574
// Configure margins
575
categoryAxis.setLowerMargin(0.02);
576
categoryAxis.setUpperMargin(0.02);
577
categoryAxis.setCategoryMargin(0.10);
578

579
// Configure label display
580
categoryAxis.setMaximumCategoryLabelLines(3);
581
categoryAxis.setMaximumCategoryLabelWidthRatio(0.8f);
582

583
// Configure label positioning for angled labels
584
CategoryLabelPositions positions = new CategoryLabelPositions(
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    new CategoryLabelPosition(RectangleAnchor.BOTTOM_LEFT, TextAnchor.BOTTOM_LEFT, 
586
                             TextAnchor.BOTTOM_LEFT, -Math.PI / 4.0),
587
    new CategoryLabelPosition(RectangleAnchor.TOP_LEFT, TextAnchor.TOP_LEFT, 
588
                             TextAnchor.TOP_LEFT, -Math.PI / 4.0),
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    new CategoryLabelPosition(RectangleAnchor.BOTTOM_RIGHT, TextAnchor.BOTTOM_RIGHT, 
590
                             TextAnchor.BOTTOM_RIGHT, Math.PI / 4.0),
591
    new CategoryLabelPosition(RectangleAnchor.TOP_RIGHT, TextAnchor.TOP_RIGHT, 
592
                             TextAnchor.TOP_RIGHT, Math.PI / 4.0)
593
);
594
categoryAxis.setCategoryLabelPositions(positions);
595

596
// Apply to plot
597
plot.setDomainAxis(categoryAxis);
598

599
// Symbol axis example
600
String[] symbols = {"Low", "Medium", "High", "Critical"};
601
SymbolAxis symbolAxis = new SymbolAxis("Priority", symbols);
602
symbolAxis.setRange(0, 3);
603
symbolAxis.setGridBandsVisible(true);
604
symbolAxis.setGridBandPaint(Color.LIGHT_GRAY);
605
symbolAxis.setGridBandAlternatePaint(Color.WHITE);
606
plot.setRangeAxis(symbolAxis);
607
```
608

609
### Specialized Axes
610

611
Additional axis types for specialized use cases and advanced features.
612

613
```java { .api }
614
// Modulo axis for circular data
615
public class ModuloAxis extends NumberAxis {
616
    public ModuloAxis(String label, Range displayRange);
617
    public Range getDisplayRange();
618
    public void setDisplayRange(Range range);
619
}
620

621
// Cyclic number axis
622
public class CyclicNumberAxis extends NumberAxis {
623
    public CyclicNumberAxis(double period);
624
    public CyclicNumberAxis(double period, String label);
625
    public double getPeriod();
626
    public void setPeriod(double period);
627
    public boolean isBoundMappedToLastCycle();
628
    public void setBoundMappedToLastCycle(boolean boundMappedToLastCycle);
629
}
630

631
// Marker axis band for highlighting ranges
632
public class MarkerAxisBand {
633
    public MarkerAxisBand(CategoryAxis axis, double topOuterGap, double topInnerGap, double bottomOuterGap, double bottomInnerGap, Font font);
634
    public void addBand(IntervalMarker band);
635
    public void drawAxisBand(Graphics2D g2, Rectangle2D plotArea, Rectangle2D dataArea, RectangleEdge edge, AxisState axisState);
636
}
637

638
// Timeline for custom date sequencing
639
public interface Timeline {
640
    public long toTimelineValue(long millisecond);
641
    public long toMillisecond(long timelineValue);
642
    public boolean containsDomainValue(long millisecond);
643
    public boolean containsDomainRange(long from, long to);
644
}
645

646
public class SegmentedTimeline implements Timeline {
647
    public static final long FIRST_MONDAY_AFTER_1900 = 92073600000L;
648
    public static final long MONDAY_TO_FRIDAY = createPointInTime(Calendar.MONDAY);
649
    
650
    public SegmentedTimeline(long segmentSize, int segmentsIncluded, int segmentsExcluded);
651
    public void addException(long millisecond);
652
    public void addExceptions(List exceptions);
653
    public void addBaseTimelineExclusions(long fromBaseline, long toBaseline);
654
    
655
    public static SegmentedTimeline newMondayThroughFridayTimeline();
656
    public static SegmentedTimeline newFifteenMinuteTimeline();
657
}
658
```
659

660
**Usage Example:**
661

662
```java
663
// Modulo axis for angular data (0-360 degrees)
664
ModuloAxis angleAxis = new ModuloAxis("Angle", new Range(0, 360));
665
angleAxis.setDisplayRange(new Range(0, 360));
666
angleAxis.setTickUnit(new NumberTickUnit(45)); // Every 45 degrees
667
plot.setDomainAxis(angleAxis);
668

669
// Timeline for business days only
670
SegmentedTimeline timeline = SegmentedTimeline.newMondayThroughFridayTimeline();
671
// Add holidays
672
Calendar holiday = Calendar.getInstance();
673
holiday.set(2023, Calendar.JULY, 4); // July 4th
674
timeline.addException(holiday.getTimeInMillis());
675

676
DateAxis dateAxis = new DateAxis("Business Days");
677
dateAxis.setTimeline(timeline);
678
plot.setDomainAxis(dateAxis);
679

680
// Cyclic axis for periodic data
681
CyclicNumberAxis cyclicAxis = new CyclicNumberAxis(24.0, "Hour of Day");
682
cyclicAxis.setRange(0, 24);
683
cyclicAxis.setTickUnit(new NumberTickUnit(6)); // Every 6 hours
684
plot.setDomainAxis(cyclicAxis);
685
```