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# Utility and Conversion Functions
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Utility functions for type conversion, memory access, testing, packing/unpacking, and interfacing with external libraries. These functions provide essential tools for working with graphics APIs, file formats, and performance-critical applications.
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## Capabilities
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### Memory Access and Pointers
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Functions for accessing the underlying memory of PyGLM types for interfacing with C libraries and graphics APIs.
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```python { .api }
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def value_ptr(x):
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    """
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    Get a ctypes pointer to the underlying data of a PyGLM object.
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    Args:
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        x: Any PyGLM vector, matrix, or quaternion
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    Returns:
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        ctypes pointer to the data (c_float, c_double, c_int, etc.)
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    Example:
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        vec = glm.vec3(1, 2, 3)
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        ptr = glm.value_ptr(vec)  # c_float pointer
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        # Pass ptr to OpenGL functions like glUniform3fv()
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    """
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def sizeof(glm_type):
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    """
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    Get the size in bytes of a PyGLM type.
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    Args:
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        glm_type: PyGLM type (vec3, mat4, quat, etc.)
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    Returns:
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        Size in bytes
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    Example:
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        size = glm.sizeof(glm.vec3)  # 12 bytes (3 * 4-byte floats)
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        size = glm.sizeof(glm.mat4)  # 64 bytes (16 * 4-byte floats)
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        size = glm.sizeof(glm.dvec3) # 24 bytes (3 * 8-byte doubles)
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    """
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```
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### Type Construction from Pointers
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Functions for creating PyGLM objects from memory pointers, useful when interfacing with external libraries.
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```python { .api }
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def make_vec2(ptr):
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    """
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    Create a vec2 from a ctypes pointer.
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    Args:
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        ptr: ctypes pointer to float data
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    Returns:
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        vec2 constructed from the pointer data
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    Example:
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        # Create vec2 from existing float array
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        import ctypes
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        data = (ctypes.c_float * 2)(1.0, 2.0)
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        vec = glm.make_vec2(data)
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    """
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def make_vec3(ptr):
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    """
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    Create a vec3 from a ctypes pointer.
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    Args:
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        ptr: ctypes pointer to float data
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    Returns:
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        vec3 constructed from the pointer data
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    """
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def make_vec4(ptr):
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    """
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    Create a vec4 from a ctypes pointer.
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    Args:
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        ptr: ctypes pointer to float data
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    Returns:
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        vec4 constructed from the pointer data
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    """
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def make_mat2(ptr):
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    """
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    Create a mat2 from a ctypes pointer.
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    Args:
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        ptr: ctypes pointer to float data (4 elements)
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    Returns:
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        mat2x2 constructed from the pointer data
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    """
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def make_mat3(ptr):
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    """
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    Create a mat3 from a ctypes pointer.
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    Args:
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        ptr: ctypes pointer to float data (9 elements)
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    Returns:
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        mat3x3 constructed from the pointer data
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    """
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def make_mat4(ptr):
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    """
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    Create a mat4 from a ctypes pointer.
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    Args:
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        ptr: ctypes pointer to float data (16 elements)
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    Returns:
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        mat4x4 constructed from the pointer data
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    """
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def make_quat(ptr):
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    """
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    Create a quat from a ctypes pointer.
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    Args:
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        ptr: ctypes pointer to float data (4 elements: w, x, y, z)
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    Returns:
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        quat constructed from the pointer data
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    """
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```
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### Numerical Testing Functions
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Functions for testing special floating-point values and performing epsilon-based comparisons.
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```python { .api }
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def isinf(x):
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    """
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    Test if value(s) are infinite.
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    Args:
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        x: Scalar or vector input
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    Returns:
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        Boolean or boolean vector indicating infinity
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    Example:
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        isinf(float('inf'))  # True
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        isinf(glm.vec3(1, float('inf'), 3))  # bvec3(False, True, False)
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    """
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def isnan(x):
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    """
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    Test if value(s) are NaN (Not a Number).
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    Args:
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        x: Scalar or vector input
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    Returns:
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        Boolean or boolean vector indicating NaN
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    Example:
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        isnan(float('nan'))  # True
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        isnan(glm.vec2(1.0, float('nan')))  # bvec2(False, True)
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    """
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def epsilonEqual(x, y, epsilon):
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    """
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    Compare values using epsilon tolerance.
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    Args:
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        x: First value (scalar or vector)
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        y: Second value (same type as x)
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        epsilon: Tolerance value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Boolean or boolean vector indicating equality within epsilon
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    Example:
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        epsilonEqual(1.0001, 1.0002, 0.001)  # True
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        epsilonEqual(glm.vec3(1, 2, 3), glm.vec3(1.01, 2.01, 3.01), 0.02)  # bvec3(True, True, True)
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    """
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def epsilonNotEqual(x, y, epsilon):
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    """
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    Compare values for inequality using epsilon tolerance.
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    Args:
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        x: First value (scalar or vector)
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        y: Second value (same type as x)
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        epsilon: Tolerance value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Boolean or boolean vector indicating inequality beyond epsilon
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    Example:
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        epsilonNotEqual(1.0, 1.1, 0.05)  # True (difference > epsilon)
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    """
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```
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### Bit Manipulation and Packing
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Functions for packing and unpacking floating-point values and performing bit-level operations.
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```python { .api }
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def floatBitsToInt(value):
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    """
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    Reinterpret float bits as signed integer.
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    Args:
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        value: Float value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Integer with same bit pattern as input float
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    Example:
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        int_bits = glm.floatBitsToInt(1.0)
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        # Useful for bit manipulation or hashing
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    """
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def intBitsToFloat(value):
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    """
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    Reinterpret integer bits as float.
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    Args:
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        value: Integer value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Float with same bit pattern as input integer
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    Example:
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        float_val = glm.intBitsToFloat(1065353216)  # Should be 1.0
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    """
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def floatBitsToUint(value):
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    """
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    Reinterpret float bits as unsigned integer.
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    Args:
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        value: Float value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Unsigned integer with same bit pattern as input float
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    """
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def uintBitsToFloat(value):
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    """
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    Reinterpret unsigned integer bits as float.
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    Args:
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        value: Unsigned integer value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Float with same bit pattern as input unsigned integer
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    """
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```
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### Half-Precision Packing
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Functions for packing and unpacking 16-bit half-precision floating-point values.
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```python { .api }
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def packHalf2x16(v):
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    """
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    Pack two 32-bit floats into a single 32-bit unsigned integer as half-precision values.
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    Args:
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        v: vec2 containing two float values
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    Returns:
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        32-bit unsigned integer containing packed half-precision values
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    Example:
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        packed = glm.packHalf2x16(glm.vec2(1.0, -2.5))
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        # Useful for reducing memory usage in shaders
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    """
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def unpackHalf2x16(p):
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    """
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    Unpack 32-bit unsigned integer into two half-precision floats.
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    Args:
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        p: 32-bit unsigned integer containing packed half-precision values
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    Returns:
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        vec2 containing the unpacked float values
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    Example:
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        unpacked = glm.unpackHalf2x16(packed_value)  # Returns vec2
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    """
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def packHalf4x16(v):
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    """
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    Pack four 32-bit floats into two 32-bit unsigned integers as half-precision values.
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    Args:
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        v: vec4 containing four float values
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    Returns:
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        uvec2 containing packed half-precision values
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    Example:
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        packed = glm.packHalf4x16(glm.vec4(1, 2, 3, 4))
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    """
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def unpackHalf4x16(p):
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    """
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    Unpack two 32-bit unsigned integers into four half-precision floats.
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    Args:
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        p: uvec2 containing packed half-precision values
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    Returns:
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        vec4 containing the unpacked float values
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    """
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```
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### Normalized Value Packing
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Functions for packing normalized floating-point values into integer formats.
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```python { .api }
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def packUnorm2x16(v):
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    """
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    Pack two normalized floats [0,1] into 16-bit unsigned integers.
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    Args:
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        v: vec2 with values in range [0, 1]
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    Returns:
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        32-bit unsigned integer containing packed values
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    Example:
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        packed = glm.packUnorm2x16(glm.vec2(0.5, 1.0))
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    """
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def unpackUnorm2x16(p):
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    """
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    Unpack 32-bit unsigned integer into two normalized floats.
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    Args:
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        p: 32-bit unsigned integer containing packed values
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    Returns:
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        vec2 with values in range [0, 1]
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    """
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def packSnorm2x16(v):
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    """
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    Pack two signed normalized floats [-1,1] into 16-bit signed integers.
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    Args:
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        v: vec2 with values in range [-1, 1]
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    Returns:
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        32-bit unsigned integer containing packed values
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    Example:
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        packed = glm.packSnorm2x16(glm.vec2(-0.5, 1.0))
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    """
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def unpackSnorm2x16(p):
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    """
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    Unpack 32-bit unsigned integer into two signed normalized floats.
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    Args:
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        p: 32-bit unsigned integer containing packed values
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    Returns:
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        vec2 with values in range [-1, 1]
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    """
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def packUnorm4x8(v):
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    """
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    Pack four normalized floats [0,1] into 8-bit unsigned integers.
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    Args:
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        v: vec4 with values in range [0, 1]
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    Returns:
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        32-bit unsigned integer containing packed values
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    Example:
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        # Pack RGBA color
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        color = glm.vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 1.0)  # Red, half green, quarter blue, full alpha
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        packed_color = glm.packUnorm4x8(color)
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    """
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def unpackUnorm4x8(p):
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    """
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    Unpack 32-bit unsigned integer into four normalized floats.
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    Args:
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        p: 32-bit unsigned integer containing packed values
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    Returns:
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        vec4 with values in range [0, 1]
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    """
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def packSnorm4x8(v):
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    """
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    Pack four signed normalized floats [-1,1] into 8-bit signed integers.
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    Args:
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        v: vec4 with values in range [-1, 1]
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    Returns:
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        32-bit unsigned integer containing packed values
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    """
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def unpackSnorm4x8(p):
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    """
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    Unpack 32-bit unsigned integer into four signed normalized floats.
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    Args:
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        p: 32-bit unsigned integer containing packed values
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    Returns:
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        vec4 with values in range [-1, 1]
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    """
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```
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### Double-Precision Packing
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Functions for packing and unpacking double-precision floating-point values.
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```python { .api }
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def packDouble2x32(v):
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    """
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    Pack a double-precision float into two 32-bit unsigned integers.
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    Args:
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        v: Double-precision float value
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    Returns:
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        uvec2 containing the packed double
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    Example:
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        packed_double = glm.packDouble2x32(3.141592653589793)
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    """
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def unpackDouble2x32(p):
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    """
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    Unpack two 32-bit unsigned integers into a double-precision float.
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    Args:
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        p: uvec2 containing packed double-precision value
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    Returns:
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        Double-precision float value
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    """
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```
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### Bit Manipulation Functions
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Advanced bit manipulation functions for integer operations.
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```python { .api }
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def bitfieldExtract(value, offset, bits):
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    """
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    Extract a range of bits from an integer.
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    Args:
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        value: Integer value (scalar or vector)
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        offset: Bit offset (least significant bit = 0)
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        bits: Number of bits to extract
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    Returns:
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        Extracted bits as integer
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    """
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def bitfieldInsert(base, insert, offset, bits):
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    """
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    Insert bits into a range of an integer.
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    Args:
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        base: Base integer value
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        insert: Integer containing bits to insert
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        offset: Bit offset for insertion
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        bits: Number of bits to insert
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    Returns:
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        Integer with bits inserted
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    """
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def bitfieldReverse(value):
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    """
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    Reverse the bits in an integer.
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    Args:
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        value: Integer value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Integer with bits reversed
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    """
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def bitCount(value):
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    """
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    Count the number of 1 bits in an integer.
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    Args:
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        value: Integer value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Number of set bits
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    """
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def findLSB(value):
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    """
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    Find the index of the least significant set bit.
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    Args:
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        value: Integer value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Index of LSB, or -1 if no bits set
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    """
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def findMSB(value):
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    """
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    Find the index of the most significant set bit.
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    Args:
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        value: Integer value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Index of MSB, or -1 if no bits set
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    """
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```
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### Extended Integer Functions
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Functions for extended precision integer arithmetic.
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```python { .api }
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def uaddCarry(x, y, carry):
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    """
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    Add two unsigned integers with carry detection.
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    Args:
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        x: First unsigned integer
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        y: Second unsigned integer  
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        carry: Output parameter for carry bit
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546
    Returns:
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        Sum of x and y
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    """
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def usubBorrow(x, y, borrow):
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    """
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    Subtract two unsigned integers with borrow detection.
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    Args:
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        x: First unsigned integer (minuend)
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        y: Second unsigned integer (subtrahend)
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        borrow: Output parameter for borrow bit
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    Returns:
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        Difference of x and y
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    """
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def umulExtended(x, y, msb, lsb):
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    """
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    Multiply two unsigned integers producing extended precision result.
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    Args:
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        x: First unsigned integer
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        y: Second unsigned integer
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        msb: Output parameter for most significant bits
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        lsb: Output parameter for least significant bits
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    Returns:
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        Extended precision product
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    """
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def imulExtended(x, y, msb, lsb):
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    """
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    Multiply two signed integers producing extended precision result.
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    Args:
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        x: First signed integer
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        y: Second signed integer
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        msb: Output parameter for most significant bits
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        lsb: Output parameter for least significant bits
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587
    Returns:
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        Extended precision product
589
    """
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def iround(x):
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    """
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    Round float to nearest integer (signed).
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    Args:
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        x: Float value (scalar or vector)
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    Returns:
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        Rounded integer value
600
    """
601

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def uround(x):
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    """
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    Round float to nearest unsigned integer.
605

606
    Args:
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        x: Float value (scalar or vector)
608

609
    Returns:
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        Rounded unsigned integer value
611
    """
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```
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### Control Functions
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616
Functions for controlling PyGLM behavior and warnings.
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618
```python { .api }
619
def silence(id):
620
    """
621
    Silence specific PyGLM warnings.
622

623
    Args:
624
        id: Warning ID to silence (0 = silence all warnings)
625

626
    Example:
627
        glm.silence(1)  # Silence warning ID 1
628
        glm.silence(0)  # Silence all warnings
629
    """
630
```
631

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### Usage Examples
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634
```python
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from pyglm import glm
636
import ctypes
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638
# === Memory Access for Graphics APIs ===
639

640
# Pass matrix to OpenGL uniform
641
model_matrix = glm.mat4()
642
model_matrix = glm.rotate(model_matrix, glm.radians(45), glm.vec3(0, 1, 0))
643

644
# Get pointer for OpenGL
645
matrix_ptr = glm.value_ptr(model_matrix)
646
# In OpenGL: glUniformMatrix4fv(location, 1, GL_FALSE, matrix_ptr)
647

648
# Get size information
649
matrix_size = glm.sizeof(glm.mat4)  # 64 bytes
650
vector_size = glm.sizeof(glm.vec3)  # 12 bytes
651

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# === Creating Types from External Data ===
653

654
# Create PyGLM vector from C array
655
float_array = (ctypes.c_float * 3)(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
656
vec3_from_array = glm.make_vec3(float_array)
657

658
# Create matrix from external data
659
matrix_data = (ctypes.c_float * 16)(*[1 if i == j else 0 for i in range(4) for j in range(4)])
660
identity_matrix = glm.make_mat4(matrix_data)
661

662
# === Numerical Testing ===
663

664
# Test for special values
665
values = glm.vec4(1.0, float('inf'), float('nan'), -5.0)
666
inf_test = glm.isinf(values)  # bvec4(False, True, False, False)
667
nan_test = glm.isnan(values)  # bvec4(False, False, True, False)
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669
# Epsilon comparisons for floating-point equality
670
a = glm.vec3(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
671
b = glm.vec3(1.0001, 1.9999, 3.0001)
672
epsilon = 0.001
673

674
equal_test = glm.epsilonEqual(a, b, epsilon)  # bvec3(True, True, True)
675
not_equal_test = glm.epsilonNotEqual(a, b, epsilon)  # bvec3(False, False, False)
676

677
# === Bit Manipulation ===
678

679
# Convert between float and integer bit representations
680
float_val = 1.0
681
int_bits = glm.floatBitsToInt(float_val)  # 1065353216
682
back_to_float = glm.intBitsToFloat(int_bits)  # 1.0
683

684
# Useful for bit manipulation or hashing
685
def simple_hash(vec):
686
    # Convert vector components to integer bits for hashing
687
    x_bits = glm.floatBitsToInt(vec.x)
688
    y_bits = glm.floatBitsToInt(vec.y)
689
    z_bits = glm.floatBitsToInt(vec.z)
690
    return hash((x_bits, y_bits, z_bits))
691

692
position = glm.vec3(1.5, 2.7, 3.1)
693
position_hash = simple_hash(position)
694

695
# === Half-Precision Packing for Memory Efficiency ===
696

697
# Pack two floats into half-precision for storage
698
original_vec2 = glm.vec2(1.5, -2.25)
699
packed_half = glm.packHalf2x16(original_vec2)  # Stores in 32 bits instead of 64
700
unpacked_vec2 = glm.unpackHalf2x16(packed_half)  # Slight precision loss
701

702
# Pack four floats into half-precision
703
original_vec4 = glm.vec4(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0)
704
packed_half4 = glm.packHalf4x16(original_vec4)  # Returns uvec2
705
unpacked_vec4 = glm.unpackHalf4x16(packed_half4)
706

707
# === Normalized Value Packing ===
708

709
# Pack RGBA color values efficiently
710
color = glm.vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 1.0)  # Red, half green, quarter blue, full alpha
711
packed_color = glm.packUnorm4x8(color)  # Pack into 32-bit integer
712
unpacked_color = glm.unpackUnorm4x8(packed_color)  # Unpack back to vec4
713

714
# Pack normal vectors (commonly in range [-1, 1])
715
normal = glm.vec3(-0.5, 0.707, 0.5)  # Normalized normal vector
716
# Extend to vec4 for packing
717
normal_vec4 = glm.vec4(normal.x, normal.y, normal.z, 0.0)
718
packed_normal = glm.packSnorm4x8(normal_vec4)
719
unpacked_normal = glm.unpackSnorm4x8(packed_normal)
720

721
# === Double-Precision Packing ===
722

723
# Pack double-precision value for storage or transmission
724
double_val = 3.141592653589793
725
packed_double = glm.packDouble2x32(double_val)  # Returns uvec2
726
unpacked_double = glm.unpackDouble2x32(packed_double)
727

728
# === Practical Example: Vertex Data Compression ===
729

730
class CompressedVertex:
731
    def __init__(self, position, normal, uv, color):
732
        # Store position as-is (high precision needed)
733
        self.position = position
734
        
735
        # Pack normal into 32-bit integer (normals are in [-1,1] range)
736
        normal_vec4 = glm.vec4(normal.x, normal.y, normal.z, 0.0)
737
        self.packed_normal = glm.packSnorm4x8(normal_vec4)
738
        
739
        # Pack UV coordinates into 32-bit integer (UVs are in [0,1] range)
740
        uv_vec4 = glm.vec4(uv.x, uv.y, 0.0, 0.0)  # Pad to vec4
741
        self.packed_uv = glm.packUnorm4x8(uv_vec4)
742
        
743
        # Pack color into 32-bit integer
744
        self.packed_color = glm.packUnorm4x8(color)
745
    
746
    def get_normal(self):
747
        unpacked = glm.unpackSnorm4x8(self.packed_normal)
748
        return glm.vec3(unpacked.x, unpacked.y, unpacked.z)
749
    
750
    def get_uv(self):
751
        unpacked = glm.unpackUnorm4x8(self.packed_uv)
752
        return glm.vec2(unpacked.x, unpacked.y)
753
    
754
    def get_color(self):
755
        return glm.unpackUnorm4x8(self.packed_color)
756

757
# Create compressed vertex
758
original_position = glm.vec3(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
759
original_normal = glm.vec3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
760
original_uv = glm.vec2(0.5, 0.75)
761
original_color = glm.vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 1.0)
762

763
compressed = CompressedVertex(original_position, original_normal, original_uv, original_color)
764

765
# Retrieve data (with some precision loss from compression)
766
retrieved_normal = compressed.get_normal()
767
retrieved_uv = compressed.get_uv()
768
retrieved_color = compressed.get_color()
769

770
# === OpenGL Integration Example ===
771

772
def upload_matrix_to_gpu(matrix, uniform_location):
773
    """Upload matrix to OpenGL uniform."""
774
    # Get pointer to matrix data
775
    matrix_ptr = glm.value_ptr(matrix)
776
    matrix_size = glm.sizeof(type(matrix))
777
    
778
    # Determine matrix dimensions and upload
779
    if matrix_size == 64:  # mat4
780
        # glUniformMatrix4fv(uniform_location, 1, GL_FALSE, matrix_ptr)
781
        pass
782
    elif matrix_size == 36:  # mat3
783
        # glUniformMatrix3fv(uniform_location, 1, GL_FALSE, matrix_ptr)
784
        pass
785
    # etc.
786

787
# === Performance Monitoring ===
788

789
def compare_storage_sizes():
790
    """Compare storage sizes of different representations."""
791
    
792
    # Original vec4
793
    original = glm.vec4(1.0, 0.5, 0.25, 1.0)
794
    original_size = glm.sizeof(glm.vec4)  # 16 bytes
795
    
796
    # Half-precision packed
797
    packed_half = glm.packHalf4x16(original)
798
    packed_half_size = glm.sizeof(glm.uvec2)  # 8 bytes
799
    
800
    # Normalized packed
801
    packed_norm = glm.packUnorm4x8(original)
802
    packed_norm_size = 4  # 4 bytes (single uint32)
803
    
804
    print(f"Original: {original_size} bytes")
805
    print(f"Half-precision: {packed_half_size} bytes ({packed_half_size/original_size:.1%} of original)")
806
    print(f"Normalized: {packed_norm_size} bytes ({packed_norm_size/original_size:.1%} of original)")
807

808
compare_storage_sizes()
809

810
# === Error Handling and Warnings ===
811

812
# Silence specific warnings
813
glm.silence(1)  # Silence warning with ID 1
814

815
# Silence all warnings
816
glm.silence(0)
817

818
# Example function that might generate warnings
819
def risky_operation():
820
    # Some operation that might trigger frexp warning
821
    result = glm.frexp(glm.vec3(1.5, 2.0, 3.0))
822
    return result
823

824
# Call without warnings (if silenced)
825
result = risky_operation()
826
```
827

828
### Integration Best Practices
829

830
1. **Memory Management**: Always ensure that ctypes arrays remain in scope when using `make_*` functions
831
2. **Precision Trade-offs**: Understand precision loss when using packed formats - test with your specific data ranges
832
3. **Performance**: Use packed formats for large datasets (vertex buffers, texture data) but full precision for calculations
833
4. **Graphics API Integration**: Use `value_ptr()` to pass data directly to OpenGL, Vulkan, and other graphics APIs
834
5. **Error Handling**: Use numerical testing functions (`isinf`, `isnan`) when working with computed values
835
6. **Bit Manipulation**: Be careful with bit manipulation functions - they're primarily for specialized use cases