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# Utility Classes & Helpers
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The AWS Java SDK Core provides comprehensive utility classes for common operations including string manipulation, I/O operations, encoding/decoding, hashing, JSON processing, and validation.
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## Core Utilities
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### String Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// String manipulation utilities
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class StringUtils {
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    // Null/empty checks
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    public static boolean isNullOrEmpty(String value);
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    public static boolean hasValue(String str);
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    public static String trim(String value);
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    public static String defaultString(String str);
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    public static String defaultString(String str, String defaultStr);
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    // String operations
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    public static String join(String delimiter, String... strings);
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    public static String join(String delimiter, Collection<String> strings);
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    public static String[] split(String toSplit, char splitChar);
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    public static String lowerCase(String str);
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    public static String upperCase(String str);
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    // Replacement operations
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    public static String replace(String originalString, String partToMatch, String replacement);
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    public static String replaceAll(String originalString, String partToMatch, String replacement);
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    // Comparison operations
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    public static boolean equals(String str1, String str2);
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    public static boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String str1, String str2);
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    // Encoding/decoding
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    public static String urlEncode(String url, boolean keepPathSlash);
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    public static String urlDecode(String url);
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    public static byte[] utf8(String str);
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    public static String fromUtf8(byte[] bytes);
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    // Validation
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    public static void assertNotNullOrEmpty(String value, String fieldName);
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    public static void assertStringNotEmpty(String value, String fieldName);
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}
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```
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### I/O Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// Input/output stream utilities
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class IOUtils {
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    // Stream to byte array conversion
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    public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream input) throws IOException;
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    public static byte[] toByteArray(InputStream input, long length) throws IOException;
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    // Stream to string conversion
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    public static String toString(InputStream input) throws IOException;
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    public static String toString(InputStream input, String encoding) throws IOException;
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    // Resource management
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    public static void closeQuietly(Closeable closeable);
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    public static void closeQuietly(Closeable... closeables);
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    // Stream operations
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    public static long copy(InputStream input, OutputStream output) throws IOException;
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    public static void drainInputStream(InputStream inputStream);
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    // Buffer operations
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    public static InputStream toInputStream(String input);
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    public static InputStream toInputStream(byte[] input);
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    // Release operations
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    public static void release(Closeable is, Level level);
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}
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```
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### Binary Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// Binary data utilities
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class BinaryUtils {
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    // Base64 encoding/decoding
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    public static String toBase64(byte[] data);
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    public static byte[] fromBase64(String b64Data);
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    public static String toBase64(ByteBuffer data);
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    public static ByteBuffer fromBase64(String b64Data, ByteBuffer byteBuffer);
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    // Hex encoding/decoding
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    public static String toHex(byte[] data);
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    public static byte[] fromHex(String hexData);
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    // ByteBuffer operations
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    public static ByteBuffer copyBytesFrom(String s);
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    public static ByteBuffer copyBytesFrom(byte[] bytes);
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    public static byte[] copyAllBytesFrom(ByteBuffer bb);
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    public static String toStream(ByteBuffer byteBuffer);
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    // Hash operations
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    public static byte[] hash(String text);
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    public static byte[] hash(byte[] data);
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    public static byte[] hash(InputStream input) throws IOException;
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    // Comparison operations
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    public static boolean equals(byte[] a, byte[] b);
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}
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```
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### Date Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// Date and time utilities
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class DateUtils {
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    // Date formatting
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    public static String formatISO8601Date(Date date);
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    public static String formatRFC822Date(Date date);
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    public static String formatUnixTimestamp(Date date);
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    public static String formatServiceSpecificDate(Date date);
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    // Date parsing
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    public static Date parseISO8601Date(String dateString);
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    public static Date parseRFC822Date(String dateString);
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    public static Date parseUnixTimestamp(String dateString);
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    public static Date parseServiceSpecificDate(String dateString);
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    public static Date parseCompressedISO8601Date(String dateString);
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    // Date operations
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    public static Date cloneDate(Date date);
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    public static long numberOfDaysSinceEpoch(long milliSinceEpoch);
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    // Thread-safe date formatters
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    public static final DateFormat ISO8601_DATE_FORMAT;
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    public static final DateFormat RFC822_DATE_FORMAT;
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    public static final DateFormat COMPRESSED_ISO8601_DATE_FORMAT;
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    public static final DateFormat UNIX_TIMESTAMP_FORMAT;
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}
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```
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### Validation Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// Input validation utilities
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class ValidationUtils {
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    // Null checks
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    public static <T> T assertNotNull(T object, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    public static void assertNotEmpty(Collection<?> collection, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    public static void assertNotEmpty(Map<?, ?> map, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    public static void assertNotEmpty(String string, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    // String validation
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    public static void assertStringNotEmpty(String string, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    public static String assertStringNotEmpty(String string, String fieldName, String errorMessage) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    // Numeric validation
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    public static void assertIsPositive(int num, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    public static void assertIsPositive(long num, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    public static void assertIsPositive(double num, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    // Collection validation
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    public static <T> List<T> assertNotNullOrEmpty(List<T> list, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    public static <T> T[] assertNotNullOrEmpty(T[] array, String fieldName) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    // Boolean validation
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    public static void assertTrue(boolean expression, String errorMessage) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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    public static void assertFalse(boolean expression, String errorMessage) throws IllegalArgumentException;
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}
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```
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## Encoding and Hashing
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### Base Encodings
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```java { .api }
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// Base16 encoding/decoding
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class Base16 {
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    public static String encodeAsString(byte[] bytes);
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    public static byte[] encode(byte[] bytes);
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    public static byte[] decode(String b16);
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    public static byte[] decode(byte[] b16);
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}
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// Base32 encoding/decoding
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class Base32 {
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    public static String encodeAsString(byte[] bytes);
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    public static byte[] encode(byte[] bytes);
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    public static byte[] decode(String b32);
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    public static byte[] decode(byte[] b32);
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}
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// Base64 encoding/decoding
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class Base64 {
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    public static String encodeAsString(byte[] bytes);
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    public static byte[] encode(byte[] bytes);
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    public static byte[] decode(String b64);
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    public static byte[] decode(byte[] b64);
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    public static boolean isBase64(String str);
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}
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```
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### MD5 Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// MD5 hashing utilities
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class Md5Utils {
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    // MD5 hash computation
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    public static byte[] computeMD5Hash(InputStream is) throws IOException;
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    public static byte[] computeMD5Hash(byte[] input);
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    public static String md5AsBase64(byte[] input);
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    public static String md5AsBase64(InputStream is) throws IOException;
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    // MD5 hash validation
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    public static byte[] md5(String text);
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    public static String md5Hex(String text);
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    public static String md5Hex(byte[] data);
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    // Stream MD5 computation
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    public static DigestInputStream md5DigestStream(InputStream stream);
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}
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```
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## HTTP and Network Utilities
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### HTTP Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// HTTP utilities for SDK
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class SdkHttpUtils {
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    // URL encoding/decoding
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    public static String urlEncode(String value, boolean path);
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    public static String urlDecode(String value);
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    public static String encodeParameters(Request<?> request);
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    // Header operations
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    public static boolean isValidHostnameForURI(String hostname);
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    public static String appendUri(String baseUri, String path);
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    public static String appendUri(String baseUri, String path, boolean escapeDoubleSlash);
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    // Query parameter operations
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    public static Map<String, List<String>> parseQueryString(String queryString);
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    public static String encodeQueryString(Map<String, List<String>> parameters);
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    // Content operations
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    public static long getContentLength(Request<?> request);
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    public static InputStream getRequestPayloadStream(Request<?> request);
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    // Utility methods
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    public static boolean usePayloadForQueryParameters(Request<?> request);
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}
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// Runtime HTTP utilities
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class RuntimeHttpUtils {
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    // Content type operations
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    public static String toContentType(String contentType);
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    public static String toContentEncoding(String contentEncoding);
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    // Header utilities
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    public static String fetchUserAgent();
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    public static Map<String, String> convertHeadersToMap(Header[] headers);
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}
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// AWS hostname utilities
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class AwsHostNameUtils {
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    // Hostname parsing
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    public static String parseRegionName(String hostname, String serviceHint);
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    public static String parseServiceName(String hostname);
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    public static String parseRegion(String host, String serviceHint);
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    // S3 specific utilities
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    public static String parseS3BucketName(String host, String serviceHint);
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    public static boolean isS3USStandardEndpoint(String endpoint);
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}
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```
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## JSON Processing
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### JSON Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// JSON manipulation utilities
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class JsonUtils {
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    // JSON parsing
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    public static <T> T jsonToObject(String json, Class<T> clazz) throws IOException;
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    public static String objectToJson(Object obj) throws IOException;
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    // JSON node operations
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    public static JsonNode getJsonNodeFromJsonText(String json);
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    public static String getStringFromJsonNode(JsonNode node, String key);
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    public static Integer getIntegerFromJsonNode(JsonNode node, String key);
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    public static Boolean getBooleanFromJsonNode(JsonNode node, String key);
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    public static Date getDateFromJsonNode(JsonNode node, String key);
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    // JSON validation
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    public static boolean isValidJson(String json);
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    public static void assertValidJson(String json, String fieldName);
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}
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// Jackson JSON processing utilities
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class Jackson {
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    // ObjectMapper operations
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    public static final ObjectMapper OBJECT_MAPPER;
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    // JSON string operations
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    public static String toJsonString(Object value);
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    public static <T> T fromJsonString(String json, Class<T> valueType);
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    public static <T> T fromJsonString(String json, TypeReference<T> typeReference);
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    // JSON pretty printing
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    public static String toJsonPrettyString(Object value);
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    // JSON validation
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    public static boolean isValidJson(String json);
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    // Stream operations
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    public static JsonGenerator jsonGeneratorOf(OutputStream out) throws IOException;
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    public static JsonParser jsonParserOf(String json) throws IOException;
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    public static JsonParser jsonParserOf(InputStream json) throws IOException;
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}
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```
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## Collection and Data Utilities
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### Collection Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// Collection manipulation utilities
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class CollectionUtils {
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    // Null/empty checks
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    public static boolean isNullOrEmpty(Collection<?> collection);
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    public static boolean isNullOrEmpty(Map<?, ?> map);
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    // Collection operations
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    public static <T> List<T> mergeLists(List<T>... lists);
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    public static <T> Set<T> mergeSets(Set<T>... sets);
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    // Map operations
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    public static <K, V> Map<K, V> mergeMaps(Map<K, V>... maps);
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    public static <K, V> void putIfNotNull(Map<K, V> map, K key, V value);
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    // Conversion operations
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    public static <T> List<T> join(List<T> list1, List<T> list2);
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    public static String joinWithComma(Collection<String> toJoin);
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    // Utility methods
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    public static <T> boolean equals(Collection<T> list1, Collection<T> list2);
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}
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```
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### Class Loading Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// Class loading utilities
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class Classes {
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    // Class loading
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    public static Class<?> childClassOf(Class<?> childClass, Class<?> parentClass);
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    public static <T> Class<T> jarFileOf(Class<T> klass);
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    // Resource loading
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    public static URL getResource(String resource);
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    public static InputStream getResourceAsStream(String resource);
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    // Class information
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    public static String getClassName(Class<?> clazz);
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    public static String getClassPath(Class<?> clazz);
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}
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```
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## Specialized Utilities
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### Version Information
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```java { .api }
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// Version information utilities
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class VersionInfoUtils {
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    // Version retrieval
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    public static String getVersion();
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    public static String getPlatform();
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    public static String getUserAgent();
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    public static String getVersionFromFullVersionString(String fullVersionString);
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    // User agent operations
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    public static String formatUserAgent(String clientName, String clientVersion);
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    public static String formatUserAgent(String clientName, String clientVersion, 
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                                       String platformInfo, String languageInfo);
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}
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```
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### Input Stream Utilities
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```java { .api }
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// Fake IO exception for testing
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class FakeIOException extends IOException {
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    public FakeIOException(String message);
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}
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// Input stream with length checking
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class LengthCheckInputStream extends InputStream {
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    public LengthCheckInputStream(InputStream in, long expectedLength, boolean includeSkipped);
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    public int read() throws IOException;
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    public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException;
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    public long skip(long n) throws IOException;
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    public void close() throws IOException;
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}
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// Input stream with byte counting
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class CountingInputStream extends FilterInputStream {
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    public CountingInputStream(InputStream in);
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    public long getByteCount();
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    public int read() throws IOException;
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    public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException;
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    public long skip(long n) throws IOException;
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}
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```
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### SDK Runtime
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```java { .api }
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// SDK runtime utilities
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class SdkRuntime {
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    // Runtime information  
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    public static String getApplicationName();
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    public static String getApplicationVersion();
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    public static String getClientName();
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    public static String getClientVersion();
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    // System information
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    public static String getJavaVersion();
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    public static String getJavaVendor();
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    public static String getJavaVmName();
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    public static String getJavaVmVersion();
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    public static String getOsName();
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    public static String getOsVersion();
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    public static String getOsArch();
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    // User agent construction
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    public static String getUserAgent();
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    public static String getUserAgentFromClientName(String clientName);
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}
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```
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### Timestamp Formatting
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```java { .api }
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// Timestamp format utilities
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class TimestampFormat {
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    // Timestamp formats
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    public static final String ISO_8601 = "iso8601";
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    public static final String UNIX_TIMESTAMP = "unixTimestamp";
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    public static final String RFC_822 = "rfc822";
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    // Format operations
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    public static String format(String format, Date date);
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    public static Date parse(String format, String dateString);
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    public static boolean isValidFormat(String format);
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    // Validation
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    public static void validateFormat(String format);
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}
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```
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## Usage Examples
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### String Operations
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```java
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import com.amazonaws.util.StringUtils;
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// Basic string operations
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String input = "  Hello World  ";
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boolean isEmpty = StringUtils.isNullOrEmpty(input);           // false
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String trimmed = StringUtils.trim(input);                     // "Hello World"
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String defaultValue = StringUtils.defaultString(null, "N/A"); // "N/A"
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// String joining and splitting
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String[] parts = {"Hello", "World", "AWS"};
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String joined = StringUtils.join(", ", parts);                // "Hello, World, AWS"
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String[] split = StringUtils.split("a,b,c", ',');            // ["a", "b", "c"]
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// URL encoding
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String url = "https://example.com/path with spaces";
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String encoded = StringUtils.urlEncode(url, true);           // Keep path slashes
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String decoded = StringUtils.urlDecode(encoded);
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// UTF-8 operations
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byte[] utf8Bytes = StringUtils.utf8("Hello World");
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String utf8String = StringUtils.fromUtf8(utf8Bytes);
483

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// Validation
485
try {
486
    StringUtils.assertNotNullOrEmpty(input, "input");
487
    StringUtils.assertStringNotEmpty(trimmed, "trimmed");
488
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
489
    System.err.println("Validation failed: " + e.getMessage());
490
}
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```
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### I/O Operations
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```java
496
import com.amazonaws.util.IOUtils;
497
import java.io.*;
498

499
// Stream to byte array conversion
500
try (InputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream("example.txt")) {
501
    byte[] content = IOUtils.toByteArray(inputStream);
502
    String contentString = IOUtils.toString(new ByteArrayInputStream(content));
503
    
504
    // Create input stream from string
505
    InputStream stringStream = IOUtils.toInputStream("Hello World");
506
    
507
    // Copy streams
508
    try (OutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("copy.txt")) {
509
        long bytesCopied = IOUtils.copy(stringStream, output);
510
        System.out.println("Copied " + bytesCopied + " bytes");
511
    }
512
} catch (IOException e) {
513
    e.printStackTrace();
514
} finally {
515
    // Safe resource cleanup
516
    IOUtils.closeQuietly(inputStream, outputStream);
517
}
518

519
// Drain input stream
520
try (InputStream stream = new URL("https://example.com").openStream()) {
521
    IOUtils.drainInputStream(stream);
522
}
523
```
524

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### Binary Data Operations
526

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```java
528
import com.amazonaws.util.BinaryUtils;
529
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
530

531
// Base64 operations
532
String text = "Hello World";
533
byte[] data = text.getBytes();
534
String base64 = BinaryUtils.toBase64(data);                  // SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=
535
byte[] decoded = BinaryUtils.fromBase64(base64);
536

537
// Hex operations
538
String hex = BinaryUtils.toHex(data);                        // 48656c6c6f20576f726c64
539
byte[] fromHex = BinaryUtils.fromHex(hex);
540

541
// ByteBuffer operations
542
ByteBuffer buffer = BinaryUtils.copyBytesFrom(text);
543
byte[] allBytes = BinaryUtils.copyAllBytesFrom(buffer);
544
String streamString = BinaryUtils.toStream(buffer);
545

546
// Hash operations
547
byte[] hash = BinaryUtils.hash(text);
548
String hashHex = BinaryUtils.toHex(hash);
549

550
// ByteBuffer from Base64
551
ByteBuffer base64Buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(1024);
552
BinaryUtils.fromBase64(base64, base64Buffer);
553
```
554

555
### Date Operations
556

557
```java
558
import com.amazonaws.util.DateUtils;
559
import java.util.Date;
560

561
Date now = new Date();
562

563
// Format dates in different formats
564
String iso8601 = DateUtils.formatISO8601Date(now);          // 2023-12-01T10:30:00.000Z
565
String rfc822 = DateUtils.formatRFC822Date(now);            // Fri, 01 Dec 2023 10:30:00 GMT
566
String unixTimestamp = DateUtils.formatUnixTimestamp(now);  // 1701426600
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568
// Parse dates from different formats
569
try {
570
    Date parsedISO = DateUtils.parseISO8601Date("2023-12-01T10:30:00.000Z");
571
    Date parsedRFC = DateUtils.parseRFC822Date("Fri, 01 Dec 2023 10:30:00 GMT");
572
    Date parsedUnix = DateUtils.parseUnixTimestamp("1701426600");
573
    
574
    // Clone date safely
575
    Date cloned = DateUtils.cloneDate(now);
576
    
577
    // Calculate days since epoch
578
    long days = DateUtils.numberOfDaysSinceEpoch(now.getTime());
579
    
580
} catch (Exception e) {
581
    System.err.println("Date parsing failed: " + e.getMessage());
582
}
583
```
584

585
### Validation Operations
586

587
```java
588
import com.amazonaws.util.ValidationUtils;
589
import java.util.*;
590

591
// Object validation
592
String name = "John Doe";
593
ValidationUtils.assertNotNull(name, "name");
594
ValidationUtils.assertStringNotEmpty(name, "name");
595

596
// Collection validation
597
List<String> items = Arrays.asList("item1", "item2", "item3");
598
ValidationUtils.assertNotEmpty(items, "items");
599
ValidationUtils.assertNotNullOrEmpty(items, "items");
600

601
// Numeric validation
602
int count = 10;
603
ValidationUtils.assertIsPositive(count, "count");
604

605
// Boolean validation
606
boolean condition = true;
607
ValidationUtils.assertTrue(condition, "Condition must be true");
608

609
// Custom validation with error messages
610
try {
611
    ValidationUtils.assertStringNotEmpty("", "username", "Username cannot be empty");
612
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
613
    System.err.println("Validation error: " + e.getMessage());
614
}
615
```
616

617
### JSON Processing
618

619
```java
620
import com.amazonaws.util.JsonUtils;
621
import com.amazonaws.util.Jackson;
622
import java.util.Map;
623

624
// JSON string to object conversion
625
String jsonString = "{\"name\":\"John\",\"age\":30,\"active\":true}";
626

627
try {
628
    // Using JsonUtils
629
    Map<String, Object> map = JsonUtils.jsonToObject(jsonString, Map.class);
630
    String backToJson = JsonUtils.objectToJson(map);
631
    
632
    // Using Jackson
633
    Map<String, Object> jacksonMap = Jackson.fromJsonString(jsonString, Map.class);
634
    String prettyJson = Jackson.toJsonPrettyString(jacksonMap);
635
    
636
    // JSON validation
637
    boolean isValid = JsonUtils.isValidJson(jsonString);
638
    if (!isValid) {
639
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid JSON");
640
    }
641
    
642
    System.out.println("Pretty JSON: " + prettyJson);
643
    
644
} catch (Exception e) {
645
    System.err.println("JSON processing failed: " + e.getMessage());
646
}
647
```
648

649
### MD5 Hashing
650

651
```java
652
import com.amazonaws.util.Md5Utils;
653
import java.io.*;
654

655
// MD5 hash computation
656
String text = "Hello World";
657
byte[] textBytes = text.getBytes();
658

659
// Hash from byte array
660
byte[] md5Hash = Md5Utils.computeMD5Hash(textBytes);
661
String md5Base64 = Md5Utils.md5AsBase64(textBytes);
662
String md5Hex = Md5Utils.md5Hex(textBytes);
663

664
System.out.println("MD5 Base64: " + md5Base64);
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System.out.println("MD5 Hex: " + md5Hex);
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// Hash from input stream
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try (InputStream stream = new ByteArrayInputStream(textBytes)) {
669
    byte[] streamMd5 = Md5Utils.computeMD5Hash(stream);
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    String streamMd5Base64 = Md5Utils.md5AsBase64(stream);
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    // Create MD5 digest stream for progressive hashing
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    DigestInputStream digestStream = Md5Utils.md5DigestStream(stream);
674
    // Read from digestStream to compute hash progressively
675
    
676
} catch (IOException e) {
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    e.printStackTrace();
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}
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```
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## Best Practices
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1. **Null Safety**: Always use validation utilities to check for null values before processing.
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2. **Resource Management**: Use `IOUtils.closeQuietly()` for safe resource cleanup in finally blocks.
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3. **String Operations**: Use `StringUtils` for null-safe string operations and proper encoding.
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4. **Date Handling**: Use appropriate date formats for different contexts (ISO8601 for APIs, RFC822 for headers).
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5. **JSON Processing**: Validate JSON strings before parsing and handle parsing exceptions appropriately.
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6. **Binary Data**: Use appropriate encoding (Base64, Hex) based on the target system requirements.
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7. **Collection Safety**: Check for null or empty collections before iteration or processing.
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8. **Input Validation**: Validate all inputs at service boundaries using validation utilities.
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9. **Hash Operations**: Use MD5 for checksums and integrity verification, not for security purposes.
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10. **Performance**: Use streaming operations for large data sets to avoid memory issues.
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The utility classes provide comprehensive support for common operations, enabling robust and efficient data processing with proper error handling and validation throughout AWS SDK operations.