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# Object Utilities
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Apache Commons Lang provides comprehensive object manipulation utilities through ObjectUtils, ClassUtils, and BooleanUtils. These classes offer null-safe operations, deep object analysis, and robust comparison methods that are essential for defensive programming.
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## Core Classes
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### ObjectUtils - Null-Safe Object Operations
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Provides 52 static methods for safe object operations, null handling, and object comparison:
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```java { .api }
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import org.apache.commons.lang3.ObjectUtils;
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```
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#### Constants and Null Handling
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```java { .api }
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// Null object constant
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public static final Null NULL = new Null()
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// Default value methods
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public static <T> T defaultIfNull(T object, T defaultValue)
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public static <T> T firstNonNull(T... values)
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public static <T> T getIfNull(T object, Supplier<T> defaultSupplier)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Safe default value handling
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String result = ObjectUtils.defaultIfNull(null, "default");          // "default"
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String result2 = ObjectUtils.defaultIfNull("value", "default");      // "value"
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// First non-null from multiple options
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String first = ObjectUtils.firstNonNull(null, null, "found", "backup"); // "found"
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// Lazy default computation
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String lazy = ObjectUtils.getIfNull(expensiveObject, () -> computeDefault());
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// Using NULL constant for collections that don't support null
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List<Object> list = new ArrayList<>();
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list.add(ObjectUtils.NULL);  // Instead of null
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```
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#### Null State Checking
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```java { .api }
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// Multiple object null checking
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public static boolean allNotNull(Object... values)
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public static boolean allNull(Object... values)  
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public static boolean anyNotNull(Object... values)
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public static boolean anyNull(Object... values)
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// Single object checking  
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public static boolean isEmpty(Object object)
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public static boolean isNotEmpty(Object object)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Multiple null checks
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boolean valid = ObjectUtils.allNotNull(user, user.getName(), user.getEmail()); // true if all non-null
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boolean hasData = ObjectUtils.anyNotNull(name, email, phone);                  // true if any non-null
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boolean cleanup = ObjectUtils.allNull(cache1, cache2, cache3);                 // true if all null
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// Object emptiness checking (works with Collections, Maps, Arrays, Strings)
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boolean empty1 = ObjectUtils.isEmpty(null);                    // true
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boolean empty2 = ObjectUtils.isEmpty("");                      // true  
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boolean empty3 = ObjectUtils.isEmpty(Collections.emptyList()); // true
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boolean empty4 = ObjectUtils.isEmpty(new int[0]);              // true
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```
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#### Object Comparison
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```java { .api }
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// Null-safe comparison
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public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> int compare(T c1, T c2)
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public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> int compare(T c1, T c2, boolean nullGreater)
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// Equality checking
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public static boolean notEqual(Object object1, Object object2)
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public static boolean equals(Object object1, Object object2)
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// Min/Max operations
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public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> T min(T... values)
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public static <T extends Comparable<? super T>> T max(T... values)
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public static <T> T median(Comparator<T> comparator, T... items)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Null-safe comparison
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int result1 = ObjectUtils.compare(null, "abc");          // -1 (null is less)
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int result2 = ObjectUtils.compare(null, "abc", true);    // 1 (null is greater)
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int result3 = ObjectUtils.compare("abc", "def");         // -3
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// Safe equality
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boolean equal = ObjectUtils.equals(null, null);          // true
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boolean notEqual = ObjectUtils.notEqual("abc", "def");   // true
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// Min/Max operations  
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String min = ObjectUtils.min("zebra", "apple", "banana"); // "apple"
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String max = ObjectUtils.max("zebra", null, "banana");    // "zebra" (ignores null)
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Integer median = ObjectUtils.median(Integer::compareTo, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5); // 3
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```
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#### Object Cloning
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```java { .api }
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// Safe cloning operations
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public static <T> T clone(T obj)
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public static <T> T cloneIfPossible(T obj)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Clone if object implements Cloneable
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List<String> original = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c"));
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List<String> cloned = ObjectUtils.clone(original);       // Deep copy if supported
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// Safe cloning that won't throw exceptions
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MyObject obj = new MyObject();
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MyObject clonedObj = ObjectUtils.cloneIfPossible(obj);   // Returns original if not cloneable
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```
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#### String Representation
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```java { .api }
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// Safe toString operations
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public static String toString(Object obj)
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public static String toString(Object obj, String nullStr)
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public static String toString(Object obj, Supplier<String> supplier)
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// Identity representation
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public static void identityToString(Appendable appendable, Object object)
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public static String identityToString(Object object)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Safe string conversion
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String str1 = ObjectUtils.toString(null);               // ""
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String str2 = ObjectUtils.toString(null, "NULL");       // "NULL"  
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String str3 = ObjectUtils.toString(123);                // "123"
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// Lazy string computation
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String expensive = ObjectUtils.toString(obj, () -> computeExpensiveString());
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// Identity-based toString (uses object's hashcode)
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String identity = ObjectUtils.identityToString(myObject); // "MyClass@1a2b3c4d"
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```
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### ClassUtils - Class Inspection and Utilities
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Provides 54 static methods for class introspection, package manipulation, and type checking:
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```java { .api }
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import org.apache.commons.lang3.ClassUtils;
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```
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#### Class Name Operations
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```java { .api }
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// Package and class name constants
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public static final char PACKAGE_SEPARATOR_CHAR = '.'
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public static final String PACKAGE_SEPARATOR = "."
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public static final char INNER_CLASS_SEPARATOR_CHAR = '$'  
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public static final String INNER_CLASS_SEPARATOR = "$"
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// Name manipulation methods
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public static String getSimpleName(Class<?> cls)
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public static String getSimpleName(Object object, String valueIfNull)
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public static String getCanonicalName(Class<?> cls)
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public static String getPackageName(Class<?> cls)
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public static String getAbbreviatedName(Class<?> cls, int lengthHint)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Class name operations
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String simple = ClassUtils.getSimpleName(String.class);           // "String"
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String canonical = ClassUtils.getCanonicalName(String.class);     // "java.lang.String"
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String pkg = ClassUtils.getPackageName(String.class);             // "java.lang"
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String abbrev = ClassUtils.getAbbreviatedName(String.class, 10);  // "j.l.String"
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// Safe name extraction from objects
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String objName = ClassUtils.getSimpleName(myObject, "Unknown");   // Object's class name or "Unknown"
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```
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#### Class Hierarchy Analysis
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```java { .api }
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// Inheritance hierarchy
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public static List<Class<?>> getAllSuperclasses(Class<?> cls)
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public static List<Class<?>> getAllInterfaces(Class<?> cls)
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public static List<String> convertClassesToClassNames(List<Class<?>> classes)
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public static List<Class<?>> convertClassNamesToClasses(List<String> classNames)
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// Class relationship checking
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public static boolean isAssignable(Class<?> cls, Class<?> toClass)
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public static boolean isAssignable(Class<?>[] classArray, Class<?>[] toClassArray)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Analyzing class hierarchy
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List<Class<?>> superclasses = ClassUtils.getAllSuperclasses(ArrayList.class);
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// [AbstractList, AbstractCollection, Object]
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List<Class<?>> interfaces = ClassUtils.getAllInterfaces(ArrayList.class); 
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// [List, RandomAccess, Cloneable, Serializable, Collection, Iterable]
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// Class name conversions
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List<String> names = ClassUtils.convertClassesToClassNames(superclasses);
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List<Class<?>> classes = ClassUtils.convertClassNamesToClasses(names);
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// Assignment compatibility
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boolean assignable = ClassUtils.isAssignable(Integer.class, Number.class); // true
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boolean compatible = ClassUtils.isAssignable(String.class, Object.class);  // true
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```
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#### Primitive and Wrapper Handling
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```java { .api }
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// Primitive type operations
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public static boolean isPrimitiveOrWrapper(Class<?> type)
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public static boolean isPrimitiveWrapper(Class<?> type)
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public static Class<?> primitiveToWrapper(Class<?> cls)
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public static Class<?>[] primitivesToWrappers(Class<?>... classes)
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public static Class<?> wrapperToPrimitive(Class<?> cls)
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public static Class<?>[] wrappersToPrimitives(Class<?>... classes)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Primitive type checking
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boolean isPrimOrWrapper = ClassUtils.isPrimitiveOrWrapper(int.class);     // true
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boolean isPrimOrWrapper2 = ClassUtils.isPrimitiveOrWrapper(Integer.class); // true
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boolean isWrapper = ClassUtils.isPrimitiveWrapper(Integer.class);          // true
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boolean isWrapper2 = ClassUtils.isPrimitiveWrapper(int.class);             // false
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// Type conversion
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Class<?> wrapper = ClassUtils.primitiveToWrapper(int.class);               // Integer.class
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Class<?> primitive = ClassUtils.wrapperToPrimitive(Integer.class);         // int.class
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// Array conversion
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Class<?>[] primitives = {int.class, double.class, boolean.class};
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Class<?>[] wrappers = ClassUtils.primitivesToWrappers(primitives);         
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// [Integer.class, Double.class, Boolean.class]
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```
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#### Class Loading and Resolution
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```java { .api }
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// Class loading operations
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public static Class<?> getClass(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException
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public static Class<?> getClass(String className, boolean initialize) throws ClassNotFoundException
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public static Class<?> getClass(ClassLoader classLoader, String className) throws ClassNotFoundException
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// Public method checking
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public static Method getPublicMethod(Class<?> cls, String methodName, Class<?>... parameterTypes) throws NoSuchMethodException
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Safe class loading
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try {
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    Class<?> clazz = ClassUtils.getClass("java.util.ArrayList");
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    Class<?> clazz2 = ClassUtils.getClass("com.example.MyClass", false); // Don't initialize
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    // Get public method
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    Method method = ClassUtils.getPublicMethod(String.class, "substring", int.class);
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} catch (ClassNotFoundException | NoSuchMethodException e) {
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    // Handle exceptions
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}
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```
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### BooleanUtils - Boolean Operations and Conversions
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Provides 46 static methods for boolean operations, null-safe conversions, and logical operations:
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```java { .api }
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import org.apache.commons.lang3.BooleanUtils;
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```
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#### Boolean Constants
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```java { .api }
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// String constants for boolean values
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public static final String TRUE = "true"
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public static final String FALSE = "false"  
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public static final String YES = "yes"
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public static final String NO = "no"
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public static final String ON = "on"
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public static final String OFF = "off"
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```
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#### Null-Safe Boolean Operations
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```java { .api }
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// Null checking
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public static boolean isTrue(Boolean bool)
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public static boolean isNotTrue(Boolean bool)
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public static boolean isFalse(Boolean bool)  
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public static boolean isNotFalse(Boolean bool)
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// Conversion operations
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public static boolean toBoolean(Boolean bool)
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public static Boolean toBooleanObject(boolean bool)
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public static Boolean negate(Boolean bool)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Null-safe boolean checking
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Boolean nullBool = null;
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boolean isTrue = BooleanUtils.isTrue(nullBool);          // false
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boolean isNotTrue = BooleanUtils.isNotTrue(nullBool);    // true
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boolean isFalse = BooleanUtils.isFalse(Boolean.FALSE);   // true
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boolean isNotFalse = BooleanUtils.isNotFalse(nullBool);  // true
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// Safe conversions
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boolean primitive = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(nullBool);    // false (null becomes false)
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Boolean object = BooleanUtils.toBooleanObject(true);     // Boolean.TRUE
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Boolean negated = BooleanUtils.negate(Boolean.TRUE);     // Boolean.FALSE
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Boolean negatedNull = BooleanUtils.negate(null);         // null
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```
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#### String to Boolean Conversion
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```java { .api }
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// String parsing
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public static boolean toBoolean(String str)
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public static Boolean toBooleanObject(String str)
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public static boolean toBoolean(String str, String trueString, String falseString)
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public static Boolean toBooleanObject(String str, String trueString, String falseString, String nullString)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Flexible string parsing
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boolean bool1 = BooleanUtils.toBoolean("true");          // true
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boolean bool2 = BooleanUtils.toBoolean("on");            // true
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boolean bool3 = BooleanUtils.toBoolean("yes");           // true
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boolean bool4 = BooleanUtils.toBoolean("1");             // true
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// Custom string mapping
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boolean custom = BooleanUtils.toBoolean("oui", "oui", "non");        // true
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Boolean customObj = BooleanUtils.toBooleanObject("maybe", "yes", "no", "maybe"); // null
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// Case insensitive parsing
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Boolean parsed = BooleanUtils.toBooleanObject("TRUE");    // Boolean.TRUE
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```
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#### Boolean to String Conversion
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```java { .api }
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// Boolean to string conversion
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public static String toString(boolean bool, String trueString, String falseString)
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public static String toString(Boolean bool, String trueString, String falseString, String nullString)
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public static String toStringOnOff(boolean bool)
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public static String toStringOnOff(Boolean bool)
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public static String toStringTrueFalse(boolean bool)
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public static String toStringTrueFalse(Boolean bool)  
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public static String toStringYesNo(boolean bool)
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public static String toStringYesNo(Boolean bool)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Standard conversions
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String onOff = BooleanUtils.toStringOnOff(true);         // "on"
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String yesNo = BooleanUtils.toStringYesNo(false);        // "no" 
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String trueFalse = BooleanUtils.toStringTrueFalse(true); // "true"
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// Custom string mapping
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String custom = BooleanUtils.toString(true, "active", "inactive");     // "active"
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String customNull = BooleanUtils.toString(null, "yes", "no", "unknown"); // "unknown"
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// Handling Boolean objects
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String nullSafe = BooleanUtils.toStringYesNo((Boolean) null);          // "no"
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```
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#### Integer to Boolean Conversion
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```java { .api }
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// Integer conversions
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public static boolean toBoolean(int value)
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public static Boolean toBooleanObject(int value)
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public static Boolean toBooleanObject(Integer value)
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public static int toInteger(boolean bool)
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public static Integer toIntegerObject(boolean bool)
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public static Integer toIntegerObject(Boolean bool)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Integer to boolean conversion (0 = false, non-zero = true)
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boolean bool1 = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(0);               // false
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boolean bool2 = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(1);               // true
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boolean bool3 = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(-5);              // true
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// Boolean to integer conversion
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int int1 = BooleanUtils.toInteger(true);                 // 1
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int int2 = BooleanUtils.toInteger(false);                // 0
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Integer intObj = BooleanUtils.toIntegerObject(Boolean.TRUE); // 1
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```
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#### Logical Operations
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```java { .api }
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// Array operations
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public static boolean and(boolean... array)
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public static Boolean and(Boolean... array)
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public static boolean or(boolean... array) 
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public static Boolean or(Boolean... array)
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public static boolean xor(boolean... array)
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public static Boolean xor(Boolean... array)
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// Comparison
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public static int compare(boolean x, boolean y)
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```java { .api }
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// Logical operations on arrays
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boolean andResult = BooleanUtils.and(true, true, false);     // false
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boolean orResult = BooleanUtils.or(true, false, false);      // true
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boolean xorResult = BooleanUtils.xor(true, true, false);     // false
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// With Boolean objects (nulls treated as false)
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Boolean andObj = BooleanUtils.and(Boolean.TRUE, null, Boolean.TRUE); // Boolean.FALSE
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Boolean orObj = BooleanUtils.or(Boolean.FALSE, null, Boolean.TRUE);  // Boolean.TRUE
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// Boolean comparison
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int comparison = BooleanUtils.compare(false, true);          // -1 (false < true)
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```
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## Advanced Object Operations
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### Safe Iteration and Functional Operations
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```java { .api }
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public class SafeObjectOperations {
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    // Safe iteration over potentially null collections
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    public static <T> void safeForEach(Collection<T> collection, Consumer<T> action) {
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        if (ObjectUtils.isNotEmpty(collection)) {
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            collection.forEach(action);
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        }
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    }
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    // Safe property extraction
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    public static <T, R> List<R> safeMap(Collection<T> collection, Function<T, R> mapper) {
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        if (ObjectUtils.isEmpty(collection)) {
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            return Collections.emptyList();
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        }
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        return collection.stream()
457
            .filter(Objects::nonNull)
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            .map(mapper)
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            .collect(Collectors.toList());
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    }
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    // Null-safe chaining
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    public static <T> Optional<T> chain(T initial, Function<T, T>... operations) {
464
        T current = initial;
465
        for (Function<T, T> operation : operations) {
466
            if (current == null) break;
467
            current = operation.apply(current);
468
        }
469
        return Optional.ofNullable(current);
470
    }
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}
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```
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### Class Inspection Utilities
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476
```java { .api }
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public class ClassInspectionUtils {
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479
    // Get all method names
480
    public static Set<String> getMethodNames(Class<?> clazz) {
481
        return Arrays.stream(clazz.getMethods())
482
            .map(Method::getName)
483
            .collect(Collectors.toSet());
484
    }
485
    
486
    // Check if class has specific annotation
487
    public static boolean hasAnnotation(Class<?> clazz, Class<? extends Annotation> annotation) {
488
        return clazz.isAnnotationPresent(annotation);
489
    }
490
    
491
    // Get class hierarchy as strings
492
    public static List<String> getClassHierarchy(Class<?> clazz) {
493
        List<String> hierarchy = new ArrayList<>();
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        Class<?> current = clazz;
495
        while (current != null) {
496
            hierarchy.add(ClassUtils.getSimpleName(current));
497
            current = current.getSuperclass();
498
        }
499
        return hierarchy;
500
    }
501
    
502
    // Check if class is in specific package
503
    public static boolean isInPackage(Class<?> clazz, String packageName) {
504
        String classPackage = ClassUtils.getPackageName(clazz);
505
        return StringUtils.startsWith(classPackage, packageName);
506
    }
507
}
508
```
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### Boolean Utility Patterns
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512
```java { .api }
513
public class BooleanPatterns {
514
    
515
    // Configuration flags handling
516
    public static class FeatureFlags {
517
        public static boolean isEnabled(String flag, Properties config) {
518
            String value = config.getProperty(flag);
519
            return BooleanUtils.toBoolean(value);
520
        }
521
        
522
        public static boolean isEnabled(String flag, Map<String, Object> config) {
523
            Object value = config.get(flag);
524
            if (value instanceof Boolean) {
525
                return (Boolean) value;
526
            }
527
            if (value instanceof String) {
528
                return BooleanUtils.toBoolean((String) value);
529
            }
530
            return false;
531
        }
532
    }
533
    
534
    // Validation with boolean logic
535
    public static boolean isValidUser(User user) {
536
        return BooleanUtils.and(
537
            ObjectUtils.allNotNull(user, user.getName(), user.getEmail()),
538
            BooleanUtils.isTrue(user.isActive()),
539
            BooleanUtils.isFalse(user.isDeleted())
540
        );
541
    }
542
    
543
    // Complex boolean expressions
544
    public static boolean canAccess(User user, Resource resource) {
545
        return BooleanUtils.or(
546
            user.isAdmin(),
547
            BooleanUtils.and(
548
                user.isActive(),
549
                resource.isPublic()
550
            ),
551
            user.hasPermission(resource)
552
        );
553
    }
554
}
555
```
556

557
## Performance and Memory Considerations
558

559
### Efficient Object Handling
560

561
```java { .api }
562
public class EfficientObjectUtils {
563
    
564
    // Avoid repeated null checks in loops
565
    public static <T> List<T> processItems(List<T> items, Function<T, T> processor) {
566
        if (ObjectUtils.isEmpty(items)) {
567
            return Collections.emptyList();
568
        }
569
        
570
        List<T> results = new ArrayList<>(items.size());
571
        for (T item : items) {
572
            T processed = ObjectUtils.defaultIfNull(processor.apply(item), item);
573
            results.add(processed);
574
        }
575
        return results;
576
    }
577
    
578
    // Cache expensive operations
579
    private static final Map<Class<?>, List<Class<?>>> HIERARCHY_CACHE = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
580
    
581
    public static List<Class<?>> getCachedHierarchy(Class<?> clazz) {
582
        return HIERARCHY_CACHE.computeIfAbsent(clazz, ClassUtils::getAllSuperclasses);
583
    }
584
    
585
    // Bulk operations for better performance
586
    public static boolean[] toBooleanArray(String[] strings) {
587
        if (ArrayUtils.isEmpty(strings)) {
588
            return ArrayUtils.EMPTY_BOOLEAN_ARRAY;
589
        }
590
        
591
        boolean[] result = new boolean[strings.length];
592
        for (int i = 0; i < strings.length; i++) {
593
            result[i] = BooleanUtils.toBoolean(strings[i]);
594
        }
595
        return result;
596
    }
597
}
598
```
599

600
## Integration Examples
601

602
### Spring Framework Integration
603

604
```java { .api }
605
@Component
606
public class ObjectValidationService {
607
    
608
    public void validateEntity(Object entity) {
609
        Validate.notNull(entity, "Entity cannot be null");
610
        
611
        Class<?> entityClass = entity.getClass();
612
        String className = ClassUtils.getSimpleName(entityClass);
613
        
614
        // Validate required fields using reflection
615
        Field[] fields = entityClass.getDeclaredFields();
616
        for (Field field : fields) {
617
            if (field.isAnnotationPresent(Required.class)) {
618
                field.setAccessible(true);
619
                try {
620
                    Object value = field.get(entity);
621
                    Validate.isTrue(ObjectUtils.isNotEmpty(value), 
622
                        "Required field %s.%s cannot be empty", className, field.getName());
623
                } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
624
                    throw new RuntimeException("Cannot access field " + field.getName(), e);
625
                }
626
            }
627
        }
628
    }
629
}
630
```
631

632
### Builder Pattern with Object Utils
633

634
```java { .api }
635
public class ConfigurationBuilder {
636
    private Map<String, Object> properties = new HashMap<>();
637
    
638
    public ConfigurationBuilder set(String key, Object value) {
639
        if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(key) && ObjectUtils.isNotEmpty(value)) {
640
            properties.put(key, value);
641
        }
642
        return this;
643
    }
644
    
645
    public ConfigurationBuilder setBoolean(String key, String value) {
646
        Boolean boolValue = BooleanUtils.toBooleanObject(value);
647
        if (boolValue != null) {
648
            properties.put(key, boolValue);
649
        }
650
        return this;
651
    }
652
    
653
    public Configuration build() {
654
        Validate.isTrue(ObjectUtils.isNotEmpty(properties), "Configuration cannot be empty");
655
        return new Configuration(properties);
656
    }
657
}
658
```
659

660
The object utilities in Apache Commons Lang provide essential null-safe operations, comprehensive class inspection capabilities, and robust boolean handling that form the foundation for defensive programming practices in Java applications.