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# Write Options and Performance Tuning
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Configuration options for optimizing write performance through buffering, batching, and parallelism control in the Apache Flink HBase 1.4 Connector.
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## Capabilities
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### HBaseWriteOptions
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Configuration class that encapsulates all write-related settings for optimal performance tuning of HBase sink operations.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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* Options for HBase writing operations
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* Provides configuration for buffering, batching, and parallelism
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*/
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@Internal
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public class HBaseWriteOptions implements Serializable {
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/**
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* Returns the maximum buffer size in bytes before flushing
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* @return Buffer size threshold in bytes (default: 2MB from ConnectionConfiguration.WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE_DEFAULT)
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*/
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public long getBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes();
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/**
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* Returns the maximum number of rows to buffer before flushing
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* @return Row count threshold (default: 0, disabled)
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*/
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public long getBufferFlushMaxRows();
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/**
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* Returns the flush interval in milliseconds
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* @return Interval in milliseconds between automatic flushes (default: 0, disabled)
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*/
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public long getBufferFlushIntervalMillis();
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/**
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* Returns the configured parallelism for sink operations
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* @return Parallelism level, or null for framework default
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*/
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public Integer getParallelism();
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/**
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* Creates a new builder for configuring write options
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* @return Builder instance for fluent configuration
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*/
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public static Builder builder();
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}
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```
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### HBaseWriteOptions.Builder
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Builder class providing fluent API for configuring write options with method chaining.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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* Builder for HBaseWriteOptions using fluent interface pattern
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* Allows step-by-step configuration of all write parameters
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*/
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public static class Builder {
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/**
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* Sets the maximum buffer size in bytes for flushing
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* @param bufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes Buffer size threshold (default: 2MB)
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* @return Builder instance for method chaining
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*/
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public Builder setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(long bufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes);
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/**
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* Sets the maximum number of rows to buffer before flushing
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* @param bufferFlushMaxRows Row count threshold (default: 0, disabled)
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* @return Builder instance for method chaining
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*/
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public Builder setBufferFlushMaxRows(long bufferFlushMaxRows);
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/**
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* Sets the flush interval in milliseconds for time-based flushing
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* @param bufferFlushIntervalMillis Interval in milliseconds (default: 0, disabled)
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* @return Builder instance for method chaining
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*/
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public Builder setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(long bufferFlushIntervalMillis);
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/**
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* Sets the parallelism level for sink operations
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* @param parallelism Number of parallel sink instances (null for framework default)
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* @return Builder instance for method chaining
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*/
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public Builder setParallelism(Integer parallelism);
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/**
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* Creates a new HBaseWriteOptions instance with configured settings
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* @return Configured HBaseWriteOptions instance
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*/
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public HBaseWriteOptions build();
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}
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```
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**Usage Example:**
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```java
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// Example: Creating optimized write options for high-throughput scenario
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HBaseWriteOptions highThroughputOptions = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(10 * 1024 * 1024) // 10MB buffer
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(5000) // 5000 rows per batch
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(5000) // 5 second interval
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.setParallelism(8) // 8 parallel writers
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.build();
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// Example: Creating low-latency write options
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HBaseWriteOptions lowLatencyOptions = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(100 * 1024) // 100KB buffer
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(100) // 100 rows per batch
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(500) // 500ms interval
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.setParallelism(4) // 4 parallel writers
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.build();
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```
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## Buffer Configuration Strategies
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### Size-Based Flushing
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Configure buffer flushing based on memory consumption to control memory usage and write batch sizes.
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```java
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// Memory-efficient configuration
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HBaseWriteOptions memoryOptimized = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(4 * 1024 * 1024) // 4MB buffer
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(0) // Disable row-based flushing
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(0) // Disable time-based flushing
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.build();
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```
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**Buffer Size Guidelines:**
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- **Small datasets (< 1000 records/sec)**: 1-2MB buffer size
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- **Medium datasets (1000-10000 records/sec)**: 4-8MB buffer size
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- **Large datasets (> 10000 records/sec)**: 10-20MB buffer size
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- **Memory-constrained environments**: 512KB-1MB buffer size
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### Row-Based Flushing
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Configure buffer flushing based on the number of accumulated rows for predictable batch sizes.
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```java
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// Row-count based configuration
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HBaseWriteOptions rowBased = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(0) // Disable size-based flushing
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(2000) // Flush every 2000 rows
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(0) // Disable time-based flushing
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.build();
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```
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**Row Count Guidelines:**
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- **Small records (< 1KB each)**: 1000-5000 rows per batch
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- **Medium records (1-10KB each)**: 500-2000 rows per batch
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- **Large records (> 10KB each)**: 100-500 rows per batch
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### Time-Based Flushing
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Configure periodic flushing to ensure low latency even with small data volumes.
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```java
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// Time-based configuration for low latency
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HBaseWriteOptions timeBased = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(0) // Disable size-based flushing
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(0) // Disable row-based flushing
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(1000) // Flush every 1 second
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.build();
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```
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**Interval Guidelines:**
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- **Real-time applications**: 100-500ms intervals
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- **Near real-time applications**: 1-5 second intervals
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- **Batch processing**: 10-60 second intervals
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### Combined Flushing Strategies
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Use multiple flushing triggers simultaneously for optimal performance across varying load patterns.
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```java
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// Combined strategy for adaptive performance
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HBaseWriteOptions combined = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(8 * 1024 * 1024) // 8MB size limit
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(3000) // 3000 row limit
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(2000) // 2 second time limit
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.setParallelism(6) // 6 parallel writers
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.build();
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// This configuration will flush when ANY condition is met:
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// - Buffer reaches 8MB in size, OR
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// - Buffer contains 3000 rows, OR
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// - 2 seconds have elapsed since last flush
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```
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## Performance Tuning Guidelines
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### High-Throughput Configuration
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Optimize for maximum data ingestion rates with larger buffers and higher parallelism.
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```java
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HBaseWriteOptions highThroughput = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(16 * 1024 * 1024) // 16MB buffers
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(8000) // Large batches
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(10000) // 10s intervals
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.setParallelism(12) // High parallelism
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.build();
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```
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**High-Throughput Characteristics:**
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- Large buffer sizes (10-20MB)
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- High row counts (5000-10000 rows)
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- Longer intervals (5-15 seconds)
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- High parallelism (8-16 instances)
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### Low-Latency Configuration
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Optimize for minimal end-to-end latency with smaller buffers and frequent flushing.
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```java
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HBaseWriteOptions lowLatency = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(256 * 1024) // 256KB buffers
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(50) // Small batches
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(200) // 200ms intervals
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.setParallelism(4) // Moderate parallelism
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.build();
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```
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**Low-Latency Characteristics:**
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- Small buffer sizes (100KB-1MB)
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- Low row counts (50-500 rows)
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- Short intervals (100-1000ms)
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- Moderate parallelism (2-6 instances)
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### Balanced Configuration
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General-purpose configuration balancing throughput and latency for most use cases.
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```java
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HBaseWriteOptions balanced = HBaseWriteOptions.builder()
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.setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes(4 * 1024 * 1024) // 4MB buffers
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.setBufferFlushMaxRows(2000) // Medium batches
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.setBufferFlushIntervalMillis(2000) // 2s intervals
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.setParallelism(6) // Balanced parallelism
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.build();
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```
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## SQL Configuration Mapping
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Write options can be configured through SQL DDL statements using connector properties.
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```sql
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-- High-throughput SQL configuration
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CREATE TABLE high_volume_events (
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event_id STRING,
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event_data ROW<timestamp TIMESTAMP(3), payload STRING, metadata MAP<STRING, STRING>>,
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PRIMARY KEY (event_id) NOT ENFORCED
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) WITH (
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'connector' = 'hbase-1.4',
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'table-name' = 'events',
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'zookeeper.quorum' = 'zk1:2181,zk2:2181,zk3:2181',
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'sink.buffer-flush.max-size' = '16mb', -- setBufferFlushMaxSizeInBytes
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'sink.buffer-flush.max-rows' = '8000', -- setBufferFlushMaxRows
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'sink.buffer-flush.interval' = '10s', -- setBufferFlushIntervalMillis
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'sink.parallelism' = '12' -- setParallelism
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);
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-- Low-latency SQL configuration
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CREATE TABLE realtime_alerts (
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alert_id STRING,
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alert_info ROW<severity STRING, message STRING, timestamp TIMESTAMP(3)>,
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PRIMARY KEY (alert_id) NOT ENFORCED
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) WITH (
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'connector' = 'hbase-1.4',
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'table-name' = 'alerts',
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'zookeeper.quorum' = 'localhost:2181',
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'sink.buffer-flush.max-size' = '256kb', -- Small buffers
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'sink.buffer-flush.max-rows' = '50', -- Small batches
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'sink.buffer-flush.interval' = '200ms', -- Frequent flushing
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'sink.parallelism' = '4' -- Moderate parallelism
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);
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```
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## Monitoring Write Performance
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### Key Performance Indicators
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Monitor these metrics to evaluate write performance and adjust configuration:
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- **Throughput**: Records/second and bytes/second written to HBase
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- **Latency**: End-to-end time from Flink to HBase persistence
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- **Buffer utilization**: Percentage of buffer capacity used
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- **Flush frequency**: Number of flushes per minute
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- **Error rate**: Percentage of failed write operations
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### Performance Tuning Process
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1. **Baseline measurement**: Start with default settings and measure performance
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2. **Identify bottlenecks**: Determine if limited by CPU, memory, network, or HBase
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3. **Incremental tuning**: Adjust one parameter at a time and measure impact
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4. **Load testing**: Validate configuration under expected production load
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5. **Monitoring setup**: Establish alerting for performance degradation
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### Common Performance Issues
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**Problem**: High write latency
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**Solution**: Reduce buffer sizes and flush intervals
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**Problem**: Low write throughput
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**Solution**: Increase buffer sizes and parallelism
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**Problem**: Memory pressure
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**Solution**: Reduce buffer sizes or increase flush frequency
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**Problem**: HBase region hotspots
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**Solution**: Optimize row key distribution and increase parallelism