0
# Authentication & Security
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Kerberos authentication support and security utilities for secure communication and credential management. This module provides comprehensive security infrastructure including Kerberos integration, secure client login mechanisms, credential management, and authentication context handling for enterprise security environments.
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4
## Capabilities
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### SecureClientLogin
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Core utility class providing Kerberos authentication and secure login functionality for Ranger components.
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```java { .api }
11
/**
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 * Utility class for secure client authentication using Kerberos
13
 */
14
public class SecureClientLogin {
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    /**
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     * Hostname placeholder for principal names that gets replaced with actual hostname
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     */
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    public static final String HOSTNAME_PATTERN = "_HOST";
19
    
20
    /**
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     * Login user from keytab file using Kerberos authentication
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     * @param user - Principal name (may contain _HOST placeholder)
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     * @param path - Path to keytab file
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     * @return Subject with Kerberos credentials
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     * @throws IOException if login fails or keytab is invalid
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     */
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    public static Subject loginUserFromKeytab(String user, String path) throws IOException;
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29
    /**
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     * Login user from keytab file with custom name rules
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     * @param user - Principal name (may contain _HOST placeholder)  
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     * @param path - Path to keytab file
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     * @param nameRules - Custom Kerberos name rules for principal mapping
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     * @return Subject with Kerberos credentials
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     * @throws IOException if login fails or keytab is invalid
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     */
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    public static Subject loginUserFromKeytab(String user, String path, String nameRules) throws IOException;
38
    
39
    /**
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     * Login user with username and password
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     * @param user - Username for authentication
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     * @param password - Password for authentication
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     * @return Subject with authentication credentials
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     * @throws IOException if authentication fails
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     */
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    public static Subject loginUserWithPassword(String user, String password) throws IOException;
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    /**
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     * Login using current user context (from system properties or environment)
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     * @param user - Username to login as
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     * @return Subject with current user credentials
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     * @throws IOException if login fails
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     */
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    public static Subject login(String user) throws IOException;
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    /**
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     * Get user principals from an authenticated subject
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     * @param subject - Authenticated subject
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     * @return Set of user principals
60
     */
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    public static Set<Principal> getUserPrincipals(Subject subject);
62
    
63
    /**
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     * Create a user principal for the given login name
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     * @param loginName - Login name to create principal for
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     * @return User principal object
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     */
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    public static Principal createUserPrincipal(String loginName);
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    /**
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     * Check if Kerberos credentials exist for the specified principal and keytab
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     * @param principal - Kerberos principal name
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     * @param keytabPath - Path to keytab file
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     * @return True if valid Kerberos credentials exist
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     */
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    public static boolean isKerberosCredentialExists(String principal, String keytabPath);
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    /**
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     * Get the actual principal name by replacing _HOST with actual hostname
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     * @param principalConfig - Principal configuration (may contain _HOST)
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     * @param hostName - Hostname to substitute for _HOST
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     * @return Resolved principal name
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     * @throws IOException if hostname resolution fails
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     */
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    public static String getPrincipal(String principalConfig, String hostName) throws IOException;
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    /**
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     * Get the current hostname for principal name resolution
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     * @return Current hostname
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     * @throws IOException if hostname cannot be determined
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     */
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    public static String getHostname() throws IOException;
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    /**
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     * Validate keytab file and principal combination
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     * @param principal - Kerberos principal
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     * @param keytabPath - Path to keytab file
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     * @return True if keytab contains valid credentials for principal
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     */
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    public static boolean validateKeytab(String principal, String keytabPath);
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    /**
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     * Refresh Kerberos credentials for a subject
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     * @param subject - Subject to refresh credentials for
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     * @return Refreshed subject with new credentials
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     * @throws IOException if credential refresh fails
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     */
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    public static Subject refreshCredentials(Subject subject) throws IOException;
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}
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```
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### KrbPasswordSaverLoginModule
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Custom Kerberos login module that securely handles password-based authentication while integrating with the Java security framework.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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 * Custom Kerberos login module for password-based authentication
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 * Implements the standard JAAS LoginModule interface
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 */
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public class KrbPasswordSaverLoginModule implements LoginModule {
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    /**
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     * Configuration parameter name for username
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     */
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    public static final String USERNAME_PARAM = "javax.security.auth.login.name";
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    /**
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     * Configuration parameter name for password
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     */
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    public static final String PASSWORD_PARAM = "javax.security.auth.login.password";
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    /**
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     * Configuration parameter for debug mode
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     */
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    public static final String DEBUG_PARAM = "debug";
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    /**
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     * Configuration parameter for storing password in shared state
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     */
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    public static final String STORE_PASSWORD_PARAM = "storePassword";
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    /**
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     * Configuration parameter for clearing password after use
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     */
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    public static final String CLEAR_PASS_PARAM = "clearPass";
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    /**
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     * Default constructor for login module
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     */
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    public KrbPasswordSaverLoginModule();
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    /**
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     * Initialize the login module
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     * @param subject - Subject to be authenticated
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     * @param callbackhandler - Handler for authentication callbacks
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     * @param sharedMap - Shared state between login modules
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     * @param options - Configuration options for this login module
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     */
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    public void initialize(Subject subject, CallbackHandler callbackhandler, 
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                          Map<String, ?> sharedMap, Map<String, ?> options);
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    /**
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     * Perform the authentication login
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     * @return True if authentication succeeds
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     * @throws LoginException if authentication fails
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     */
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    public boolean login() throws LoginException;
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    /**
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     * Commit the authentication (add principals and credentials to subject)
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     * @return True if commit succeeds
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     * @throws LoginException if commit fails
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     */
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    public boolean commit() throws LoginException;
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    /**
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     * Abort the authentication process
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     * @return True if abort succeeds
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     * @throws LoginException if abort fails
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     */
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    public boolean abort() throws LoginException;
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    /**
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     * Logout and remove principals/credentials from subject
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     * @return True if logout succeeds
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     * @throws LoginException if logout fails
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     */
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    public boolean logout() throws LoginException;
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    /**
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     * Check if debug mode is enabled
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     * @return True if debug logging is enabled
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     */
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    public boolean isDebugEnabled();
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    /**
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     * Get the authenticated username
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     * @return Username from authentication
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     */
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    public String getUsername();
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    /**
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     * Clear stored password from memory
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     */
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    public void clearPassword();
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}
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```
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### Authentication Context Management
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Classes for managing authentication context and credentials in multi-threaded environments.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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 * Authentication context manager for thread-safe credential handling
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 */
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public class RangerAuthenticationContext {
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    /**
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     * Set authentication context for current thread
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     * @param subject - Authenticated subject
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     */
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    public static void setCurrentSubject(Subject subject);
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    /**
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     * Get authentication context for current thread
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     * @return Current authenticated subject or null
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     */
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    public static Subject getCurrentSubject();
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    /**
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     * Clear authentication context for current thread
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     */
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    public static void clearCurrentSubject();
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    /**
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     * Execute privileged action with authenticated subject
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     * @param action - Action to execute
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     * @param subject - Subject to use for execution
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     * @return Result of privileged action
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     * @throws Exception if action execution fails
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     */
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    public static <T> T doAsPrivileged(PrivilegedExceptionAction<T> action, Subject subject) throws Exception;
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    /**
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     * Check if current thread has valid authentication context
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     * @return True if authenticated context exists
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     */
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    public static boolean isAuthenticated();
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    /**
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     * Get current user principal name
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     * @return Principal name or null if not authenticated
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     */
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    public static String getCurrentUserName();
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    /**
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     * Get current user's group memberships
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     * @return Set of group names
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     */
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    public static Set<String> getCurrentUserGroups();
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}
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/**
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 * Credential manager for secure handling of authentication credentials
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 */
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public class RangerCredentialManager {
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    /**
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     * Store credentials securely in memory
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     * @param alias - Credential alias/identifier
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     * @param credential - Credential to store
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     */
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    public void storeCredential(String alias, char[] credential);
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    /**
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     * Retrieve stored credentials
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     * @param alias - Credential alias/identifier
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     * @return Stored credential or null if not found
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     */
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    public char[] getCredential(String alias);
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    /**
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     * Remove credentials from secure storage
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     * @param alias - Credential alias/identifier
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     * @return True if credential was removed
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     */
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    public boolean removeCredential(String alias);
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    /**
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     * Clear all stored credentials
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     */
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    public void clearAllCredentials();
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    /**
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     * Check if credential exists
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     * @param alias - Credential alias/identifier
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     * @return True if credential is stored
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     */
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    public boolean hasCredential(String alias);
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    /**
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     * Get list of stored credential aliases
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     * @return Set of credential aliases
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     */
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    public Set<String> getCredentialAliases();
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}
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/**
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 * Security utilities for Ranger components
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 */
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public class RangerSecurityUtils {
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    /**
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     * Encrypt sensitive data using configured encryption
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     * @param data - Data to encrypt
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     * @param key - Encryption key
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     * @return Encrypted data
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     */
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    public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, String key);
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    /**
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     * Decrypt sensitive data using configured decryption
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     * @param encryptedData - Data to decrypt
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     * @param key - Decryption key
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     * @return Decrypted data
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     */
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    public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] encryptedData, String key);
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    /**
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     * Generate secure random password
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     * @param length - Password length
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     * @return Generated password
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     */
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    public static char[] generateSecurePassword(int length);
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    /**
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     * Hash password using secure hashing algorithm
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     * @param password - Password to hash
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     * @param salt - Salt for hashing
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     * @return Hashed password
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     */
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    public static String hashPassword(char[] password, byte[] salt);
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    /**
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     * Verify password against hash
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     * @param password - Password to verify
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     * @param hash - Hash to verify against
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     * @param salt - Salt used for hashing
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     * @return True if password matches hash
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     */
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    public static boolean verifyPassword(char[] password, String hash, byte[] salt);
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    /**
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     * Generate cryptographic salt
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     * @return Random salt bytes
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     */
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    public static byte[] generateSalt();
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}
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```
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### SSL/TLS Security Configuration
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Classes for configuring SSL/TLS security for Ranger communications.
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```java { .api }
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/**
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 * SSL configuration and utilities for secure communications
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 */
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public class RangerSSLConfig {
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    /**
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     * Configuration key for SSL enabled flag
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     */
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    public static final String SSL_ENABLED = "ranger.ssl.enabled";
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    /**
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     * Configuration key for keystore path
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     */
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    public static final String KEYSTORE_PATH = "ranger.ssl.keystore.file";
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    /**
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     * Configuration key for keystore password
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     */
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    public static final String KEYSTORE_PASSWORD = "ranger.ssl.keystore.password";
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    /**
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     * Configuration key for truststore path
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     */
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    public static final String TRUSTSTORE_PATH = "ranger.ssl.truststore.file";
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    /**
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     * Configuration key for truststore password
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     */
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    public static final String TRUSTSTORE_PASSWORD = "ranger.ssl.truststore.password";
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    /**
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     * Initialize SSL configuration from properties
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     * @param config - Configuration properties
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     */
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    public void init(Configuration config);
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    /**
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     * Check if SSL is enabled
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     * @return True if SSL is enabled
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     */
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    public boolean isSSLEnabled();
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    /**
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     * Get SSL context for secure communications
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     * @return Configured SSL context
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     * @throws Exception if SSL context creation fails
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     */
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    public SSLContext getSSLContext() throws Exception;
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    /**
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     * Create SSL socket factory
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     * @return SSL socket factory
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     * @throws Exception if factory creation fails
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     */
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    public SSLSocketFactory createSSLSocketFactory() throws Exception;
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    /**
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     * Create trust manager for certificate validation
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     * @return Array of trust managers
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     * @throws Exception if trust manager creation fails
423
     */
424
    public TrustManager[] createTrustManagers() throws Exception;
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426
    /**
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     * Create key manager for client certificates
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     * @return Array of key managers
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     * @throws Exception if key manager creation fails
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     */
431
    public KeyManager[] createKeyManagers() throws Exception;
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433
    /**
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     * Validate SSL configuration
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     * @return True if configuration is valid
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     */
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    public boolean validateConfiguration();
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}
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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443
```java
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import org.apache.hadoop.security.SecureClientLogin;
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import org.apache.hadoop.security.KrbPasswordSaverLoginModule;
446
import javax.security.auth.Subject;
447
import java.security.PrivilegedExceptionAction;
448

449
// Kerberos authentication with keytab
450
public class KerberosAuthenticationExample {
451
    public void authenticateWithKeytab() {
452
        try {
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            // Define Kerberos principal and keytab path
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            String principal = "ranger/hostname@EXAMPLE.COM";
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            String keytabPath = "/etc/security/keytabs/ranger.keytab";
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457
            // Check if credentials exist before attempting login
458
            if (!SecureClientLogin.isKerberosCredentialExists(principal, keytabPath)) {
459
                throw new IOException("Kerberos credentials not found for " + principal);
460
            }
461
            
462
            // Resolve hostname in principal if needed
463
            String resolvedPrincipal = SecureClientLogin.getPrincipal(
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                "ranger/_HOST@EXAMPLE.COM", 
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                SecureClientLogin.getHostname()
466
            );
467
            
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            // Perform keytab-based login
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            Subject subject = SecureClientLogin.loginUserFromKeytab(resolvedPrincipal, keytabPath);
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            // Set authentication context
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            RangerAuthenticationContext.setCurrentSubject(subject);
473
            
474
            // Execute privileged operations
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            String result = RangerAuthenticationContext.doAsPrivileged(
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                new PrivilegedExceptionAction<String>() {
477
                    @Override
478
                    public String run() throws Exception {
479
                        // Perform authenticated operations here
480
                        return "Authenticated operation completed";
481
                    }
482
                },
483
                subject
484
            );
485
            
486
            System.out.println("Operation result: " + result);
487
            
488
            // Get authentication info
489
            Set<Principal> principals = SecureClientLogin.getUserPrincipals(subject);
490
            for (Principal p : principals) {
491
                System.out.println("Authenticated as: " + p.getName());
492
            }
493
            
494
        } catch (IOException e) {
495
            System.err.println("Kerberos authentication failed: " + e.getMessage());
496
        } finally {
497
            // Clear authentication context
498
            RangerAuthenticationContext.clearCurrentSubject();
499
        }
500
    }
501
}
502

503
// Password-based authentication using JAAS
504
public class PasswordAuthenticationExample {
505
    public void authenticateWithPassword() {
506
        try {
507
            // Configure JAAS login context
508
            Configuration jaasConfig = new Configuration() {
509
                @Override
510
                public AppConfigurationEntry[] getAppConfigurationEntry(String name) {
511
                    Map<String, String> options = new HashMap<>();
512
                    options.put("debug", "true");
513
                    options.put("storePassword", "true");
514
                    options.put("clearPass", "false");
515
                    
516
                    return new AppConfigurationEntry[] {
517
                        new AppConfigurationEntry(
518
                            "org.apache.hadoop.security.KrbPasswordSaverLoginModule",
519
                            AppConfigurationEntry.LoginModuleControlFlag.REQUIRED,
520
                            options
521
                        )
522
                    };
523
                }
524
            };
525
            
526
            Configuration.setConfiguration(jaasConfig);
527
            
528
            // Create login context
529
            LoginContext loginContext = new LoginContext("RangerAuth", new CallbackHandler() {
530
                @Override
531
                public void handle(Callback[] callbacks) throws UnsupportedCallbackException {
532
                    for (Callback callback : callbacks) {
533
                        if (callback instanceof NameCallback) {
534
                            ((NameCallback) callback).setName("alice@EXAMPLE.COM");
535
                        } else if (callback instanceof PasswordCallback) {
536
                            ((PasswordCallback) callback).setPassword("password123".toCharArray());
537
                        }
538
                    }
539
                }
540
            });
541
            
542
            // Perform login
543
            loginContext.login();
544
            Subject subject = loginContext.getSubject();
545
            
546
            // Use authenticated subject
547
            RangerAuthenticationContext.setCurrentSubject(subject);
548
            
549
            System.out.println("Password authentication successful");
550
            System.out.println("Current user: " + RangerAuthenticationContext.getCurrentUserName());
551
            
552
        } catch (LoginException e) {
553
            System.err.println("Password authentication failed: " + e.getMessage());
554
        }
555
    }
556
}
557

558
// Credential management example
559
public class CredentialManagementExample {
560
    public void manageCredentials() {
561
        RangerCredentialManager credManager = new RangerCredentialManager();
562
        
563
        // Store credentials securely
564
        char[] dbPassword = "database_password_123".toCharArray();
565
        credManager.storeCredential("database.password", dbPassword);
566
        
567
        char[] apiKey = "api_key_xyz789".toCharArray();
568
        credManager.storeCredential("external.api.key", apiKey);
569
        
570
        // Retrieve credentials when needed
571
        char[] retrievedPassword = credManager.getCredential("database.password");
572
        if (retrievedPassword != null) {
573
            System.out.println("Database password retrieved: " + new String(retrievedPassword));
574
            
575
            // Clear password from memory after use
576
            Arrays.fill(retrievedPassword, '\0');
577
        }
578
        
579
        // List all stored credentials
580
        Set<String> aliases = credManager.getCredentialAliases();
581
        System.out.println("Stored credentials: " + aliases);
582
        
583
        // Remove specific credential
584
        credManager.removeCredential("external.api.key");
585
        
586
        // Clear all credentials on shutdown
587
        credManager.clearAllCredentials();
588
    }
589
}
590

591
// SSL configuration example
592
public class SSLConfigurationExample {
593
    public void configureSSL() {
594
        try {
595
            // Create configuration with SSL settings
596
            Configuration config = new Configuration();
597
            config.set(RangerSSLConfig.SSL_ENABLED, "true");
598
            config.set(RangerSSLConfig.KEYSTORE_PATH, "/etc/security/keystores/ranger.jks");
599
            config.set(RangerSSLConfig.KEYSTORE_PASSWORD, "keystore_password");
600
            config.set(RangerSSLConfig.TRUSTSTORE_PATH, "/etc/security/truststores/truststore.jks");
601
            config.set(RangerSSLConfig.TRUSTSTORE_PASSWORD, "truststore_password");
602
            
603
            // Initialize SSL configuration
604
            RangerSSLConfig sslConfig = new RangerSSLConfig();
605
            sslConfig.init(config);
606
            
607
            // Validate configuration
608
            if (!sslConfig.validateConfiguration()) {
609
                throw new Exception("Invalid SSL configuration");
610
            }
611
            
612
            if (sslConfig.isSSLEnabled()) {
613
                // Get SSL context for secure communications
614
                SSLContext sslContext = sslConfig.getSSLContext();
615
                
616
                // Create SSL socket factory
617
                SSLSocketFactory socketFactory = sslConfig.createSSLSocketFactory();
618
                
619
                // Use SSL context for HTTPS connections
620
                HttpsURLConnection.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(socketFactory);
621
                
622
                System.out.println("SSL configuration successful");
623
            }
624
            
625
        } catch (Exception e) {
626
            System.err.println("SSL configuration failed: " + e.getMessage());
627
        }
628
    }
629
}
630

631
// Security utilities usage
632
public class SecurityUtilitiesExample {
633
    public void useSecurityUtils() {
634
        try {
635
            // Generate secure password
636
            char[] password = RangerSecurityUtils.generateSecurePassword(16);
637
            System.out.println("Generated password length: " + password.length);
638
            
639
            // Hash password with salt
640
            byte[] salt = RangerSecurityUtils.generateSalt();
641
            String hashedPassword = RangerSecurityUtils.hashPassword(password, salt);
642
            System.out.println("Password hashed successfully");
643
            
644
            // Verify password
645
            boolean isValid = RangerSecurityUtils.verifyPassword(password, hashedPassword, salt);
646
            System.out.println("Password verification: " + isValid);
647
            
648
            // Encrypt sensitive data
649
            String sensitiveData = "confidential information";
650
            byte[] encrypted = RangerSecurityUtils.encrypt(
651
                sensitiveData.getBytes(), 
652
                "encryption_key_123"
653
            );
654
            System.out.println("Data encrypted, length: " + encrypted.length);
655
            
656
            // Decrypt data
657
            byte[] decrypted = RangerSecurityUtils.decrypt(encrypted, "encryption_key_123");
658
            String decryptedText = new String(decrypted);
659
            System.out.println("Decrypted data: " + decryptedText);
660
            
661
            // Clear password from memory
662
            Arrays.fill(password, '\0');
663
            
664
        } catch (Exception e) {
665
            System.err.println("Security operations failed: " + e.getMessage());
666
        }
667
    }
668
}
669

670
// Complete authentication workflow
671
public class AuthenticationWorkflowExample {
672
    public void completeAuthenticationWorkflow() {
673
        try {
674
            // Step 1: Initialize SSL configuration
675
            Configuration config = new Configuration();
676
            config.set("ranger.ssl.enabled", "true");
677
            // ... other SSL settings
678
            
679
            RangerSSLConfig sslConfig = new RangerSSLConfig();
680
            sslConfig.init(config);
681
            
682
            // Step 2: Authenticate with Kerberos
683
            String principal = "ranger/service@EXAMPLE.COM";
684
            String keytab = "/etc/security/keytabs/ranger.keytab";
685
            
686
            Subject subject = SecureClientLogin.loginUserFromKeytab(principal, keytab);
687
            RangerAuthenticationContext.setCurrentSubject(subject);
688
            
689
            // Step 3: Store additional credentials securely
690
            RangerCredentialManager credManager = new RangerCredentialManager();
691
            credManager.storeCredential("db.password", "db_pass_123".toCharArray());
692
            
693
            // Step 4: Perform authenticated operations
694
            if (RangerAuthenticationContext.isAuthenticated()) {
695
                String currentUser = RangerAuthenticationContext.getCurrentUserName();
696
                Set<String> groups = RangerAuthenticationContext.getCurrentUserGroups();
697
                
698
                System.out.println("Authenticated user: " + currentUser);
699
                System.out.println("User groups: " + groups);
700
                
701
                // Execute privileged operations
702
                RangerAuthenticationContext.doAsPrivileged(
703
                    new PrivilegedExceptionAction<Void>() {
704
                        @Override
705
                        public Void run() throws Exception {
706
                            // Perform secure operations here
707
                            System.out.println("Executing privileged operation");
708
                            return null;
709
                        }
710
                    },
711
                    subject
712
                );
713
            }
714
            
715
        } catch (Exception e) {
716
            System.err.println("Authentication workflow failed: " + e.getMessage());
717
        } finally {
718
            // Cleanup
719
            RangerAuthenticationContext.clearCurrentSubject();
720
        }
721
    }
722
}
723
```
724

725
## Security Best Practices
726

727
### Credential Management
728
- **Never store passwords in plain text**: Use secure credential storage mechanisms
729
- **Clear sensitive data**: Always clear passwords and credentials from memory after use
730
- **Use secure random generation**: For passwords, salts, and encryption keys
731
- **Implement credential rotation**: Regularly rotate stored credentials
732

733
### Kerberos Authentication
734
- **Secure keytab storage**: Protect keytab files with appropriate file permissions (600)
735
- **Principal validation**: Validate Kerberos principals before authentication attempts
736
- **Credential refresh**: Implement automatic ticket refresh for long-running services
737
- **Error handling**: Provide meaningful error messages without exposing sensitive information
738

739
### SSL/TLS Configuration
740
- **Use strong protocols**: Disable weak SSL/TLS versions (SSLv2, SSLv3, TLSv1.0)
741
- **Certificate validation**: Always validate server certificates in production
742
- **Cipher suite selection**: Use strong cipher suites and disable weak algorithms
743
- **Certificate management**: Implement proper certificate lifecycle management
744

745
### Thread Safety
746
- **Context isolation**: Use thread-local storage for authentication contexts
747
- **Synchronized access**: Protect shared credential storage with appropriate synchronization
748
- **Resource cleanup**: Ensure proper cleanup of security contexts in multi-threaded environments
749

750
## Configuration Properties
751

752
Common security configuration properties:
753

754
### Kerberos Configuration
755
- `ranger.security.kerberos.enabled`: Enable/disable Kerberos authentication
756
- `ranger.security.kerberos.principal`: Kerberos principal for service
757
- `ranger.security.kerberos.keytab`: Path to Kerberos keytab file
758
- `ranger.security.kerberos.name.rules`: Custom Kerberos name mapping rules
759

760
### SSL Configuration
761
- `ranger.ssl.enabled`: Enable/disable SSL
762
- `ranger.ssl.keystore.file`: Path to SSL keystore
763
- `ranger.ssl.keystore.password`: SSL keystore password
764
- `ranger.ssl.truststore.file`: Path to SSL truststore
765
- `ranger.ssl.truststore.password`: SSL truststore password
766
- `ranger.ssl.protocol`: SSL protocol version (TLSv1.2, TLSv1.3)
767

768
### Authentication Configuration
769
- `ranger.auth.type`: Authentication type (simple, kerberos, ldap)
770
- `ranger.auth.cache.ttl`: Authentication cache time-to-live
771
- `ranger.auth.retry.attempts`: Number of authentication retry attempts
772
- `ranger.auth.timeout`: Authentication timeout in milliseconds