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# EAN and UPC Barcodes
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European Article Number (EAN) and Universal Product Code (UPC) formats are the most widely used barcodes for retail products worldwide. JsBarcode provides complete support for all EAN and UPC variants with automatic checksum calculation and validation.
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## Capabilities
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### EAN-13 Barcodes
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EAN-13 is the standard European retail barcode format, encoding 13 digits with automatic checksum calculation.
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```javascript { .api }
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/**
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 * Generate EAN-13 barcode with automatic checksum
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 * @param content - 12 or 13 digit number (checksum calculated if 12 digits)
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 */
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JsBarcode(element, content, { format: "EAN13" });
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// Also accepts: format: "EAN"
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```javascript
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// 12 digits - checksum automatically added
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "123456789012", { format: "EAN13" });
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// 13 digits - validates existing checksum
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "1234567890128", { format: "EAN13" });
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// Common retail product codes
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "501234567890", { format: "EAN" });
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```
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### EAN-8 Barcodes
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EAN-8 is a shortened version of EAN-13 for small products, encoding 8 digits with automatic checksum calculation.
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```javascript { .api }
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/**
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 * Generate EAN-8 barcode with automatic checksum
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 * @param content - 7 or 8 digit number (checksum calculated if 7 digits)
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 */
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JsBarcode(element, content, { format: "EAN8" });
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```javascript
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// 7 digits - checksum automatically added
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "1234567", { format: "EAN8" });
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// 8 digits - validates existing checksum
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "12345670", { format: "EAN8" });
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// Small product codes
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "5012345", { format: "EAN8" });
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```
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### UPC-A Barcodes
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UPC-A is the standard North American retail barcode format, encoding 12 digits with automatic checksum calculation.
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```javascript { .api }
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/**
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 * Generate UPC-A barcode with automatic checksum
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 * @param content - 11 or 12 digit number (checksum calculated if 11 digits)
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 */
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JsBarcode(element, content, { format: "UPC" });
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// Also accepts: format: "UPCA"
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```javascript
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// 11 digits - checksum automatically added
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "12345678901", { format: "UPC" });
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// 12 digits - validates existing checksum
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "123456789012", { format: "UPC" });
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// Standard UPC product codes
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "04210000526", { format: "UPC" });
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```
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### EAN-5 Addon Barcodes
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EAN-5 is a 5-digit addon code typically used for book prices, magazines, or promotional codes.
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```javascript { .api }
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/**
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 * Generate EAN-5 addon barcode
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 * @param content - Exactly 5 digits
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 */
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JsBarcode(element, content, { format: "EAN5" });
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```javascript
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// Book price codes
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "52999", { format: "EAN5" }); // $29.99
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// Magazine issue numbers
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "00123", { format: "EAN5" });
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// Promotional codes
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "99999", { format: "EAN5" });
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```
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### EAN-2 Addon Barcodes
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EAN-2 is a 2-digit addon code typically used for magazines or periodicals.
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```javascript { .api }
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/**
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 * Generate EAN-2 addon barcode
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 * @param content - Exactly 2 digits
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 */
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JsBarcode(element, content, { format: "EAN2" });
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```javascript
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// Magazine issue numbers
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "01", { format: "EAN2" }); // Issue 1
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "12", { format: "EAN2" }); // Issue 12
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// Periodic publication codes
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "52", { format: "EAN2" }); // Week 52
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```
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## Checksum Calculation and Validation
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### EAN-13 and EAN-8 Checksum
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EAN barcodes use a weighted modulo-10 checksum algorithm:
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```javascript
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// Internal checksum calculation for EAN-13:
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// 1. Multiply odd position digits by 1, even position digits by 3
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// 2. Sum all results
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// 3. Checksum = (10 - (sum % 10)) % 10
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// Example for "123456789012":
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// Positions: 1×1 + 2×3 + 3×1 + 4×3 + 5×1 + 6×3 + 7×1 + 8×3 + 9×1 + 0×3 + 1×1 + 2×3
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// = 1 + 6 + 3 + 12 + 5 + 18 + 7 + 24 + 9 + 0 + 1 + 6 = 92
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// Checksum = (10 - (92 % 10)) % 10 = 8
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// Result: "1234567890128"
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```
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### UPC-A Checksum
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UPC-A uses a similar but slightly different weighted checksum:
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```javascript
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// Internal checksum calculation for UPC-A:
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// 1. Multiply odd position digits by 3, even position digits by 1
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// 2. Sum all results  
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// 3. Checksum = (10 - (sum % 10)) % 10
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// Example for "12345678901":
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// Positions: 1×3 + 2×1 + 3×3 + 4×1 + 5×3 + 6×1 + 7×3 + 8×1 + 9×3 + 0×1 + 1×3
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// = 3 + 2 + 9 + 4 + 15 + 6 + 21 + 8 + 27 + 0 + 3 = 98
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// Checksum = (10 - (98 % 10)) % 10 = 2
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// Result: "123456789012"
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```
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### EAN-5 and EAN-2 Checksum
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Addon codes use their own checksum algorithms:
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```javascript
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// EAN-5 checksum:
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// 1. Multiply positions by alternating 3,9,3,9,3 pattern
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// 2. Sum results and take modulo 10
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// EAN-2 checksum:  
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// 1. Convert to number and take modulo 4
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// 2. Use result to select check pattern
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```
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## Validation and Error Handling
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### Input Validation
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```javascript
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// Valid EAN-13 inputs
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "123456789012", { 
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  format: "EAN13",
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  valid: function(isValid) {
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    console.log("EAN-13 valid:", isValid); // true
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  }
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});
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// Invalid length
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "12345", { 
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  format: "EAN13",
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  valid: function(isValid) {
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    if (!isValid) {
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      console.log("EAN-13 requires 12 or 13 digits");
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    }
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  }
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});
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// Invalid checksum
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "1234567890123", { 
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  format: "EAN13",
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  valid: function(isValid) {
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    if (!isValid) {
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      console.log("Invalid EAN-13 checksum");
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    }
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  }
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});
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```
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### Format-Specific Validation
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```javascript { .api }
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/**
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 * EAN-13 validation
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 * @param data - Input string
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 * @returns boolean - True if 13 digits with valid checksum or 12 digits
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 */
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// Accepts: /^[0-9]{12,13}$/ with checksum validation
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/**
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 * EAN-8 validation  
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 * @param data - Input string
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 * @returns boolean - True if 8 digits with valid checksum or 7 digits
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 */
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// Accepts: /^[0-9]{7,8}$/ with checksum validation
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/**
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 * UPC-A validation
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 * @param data - Input string  
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 * @returns boolean - True if 12 digits with valid checksum or 11 digits
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 */
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// Accepts: /^[0-9]{11,12}$/ with checksum validation
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/**
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 * EAN-5 validation
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 * @param data - Input string
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 * @returns boolean - True if exactly 5 digits
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 */
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// Accepts: /^[0-9]{5}$/
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/**
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 * EAN-2 validation
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 * @param data - Input string
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 * @returns boolean - True if exactly 2 digits  
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// Accepts: /^[0-9]{2}$/
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```
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## Practical Usage Examples
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### Retail Product Barcodes
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```javascript
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// Create product barcode with styling
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JsBarcode("#product-barcode", "501234567890", {
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  format: "EAN13",
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  width: 2,
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  height: 100,
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  displayValue: true,
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  fontSize: 14,
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  textAlign: "center"
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});
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// UPC barcode for North American products
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JsBarcode("#upc-barcode", "04210000526", {
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  format: "UPC",
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  background: "#ffffff",
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  lineColor: "#000000",
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  margin: 10
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});
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```
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### Book and Magazine Barcodes
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```javascript
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// Book with price addon
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const bookCode = "9781234567890";
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const priceCode = "52999"; // $29.99
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// Main barcode
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JsBarcode("#book-main", bookCode, { format: "EAN13" });
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// Price addon  
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JsBarcode("#book-price", priceCode, { format: "EAN5" });
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// Magazine with issue number
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const magazineCode = "1234567890123";
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const issueCode = "03"; // Issue 3
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JsBarcode("#magazine-main", magazineCode, { format: "EAN13" });
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JsBarcode("#magazine-issue", issueCode, { format: "EAN2" });
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```
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### Validation Before Generation
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```javascript
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function generateRetailBarcode(productCode, format) {
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  JsBarcode("#barcode", productCode, {
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    format: format,
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    valid: function(isValid) {
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      if (isValid) {
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        console.log(`Valid ${format} barcode generated`);
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        // Enable print button, show barcode, etc.
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      } else {
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        console.error(`Invalid ${format} code: ${productCode}`);
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        // Show error message, highlight input field, etc.
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      }
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    }
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  });
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}
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// Usage
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generateRetailBarcode("123456789012", "EAN13");
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generateRetailBarcode("04210000526", "UPC");
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```
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## Regional and Industry Standards
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### EAN Country Codes
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EAN-13 prefixes indicate country/region of registration:
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```javascript
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// Common country prefixes
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const countryCodes = {
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  "00-13": "USA & Canada",
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  "20-29": "In-store functions", 
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  "30-37": "France",
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  "40-44": "Germany",
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  "45-49": "Japan",
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  "50": "United Kingdom",
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  "690-699": "China",
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  "000-999": "Various countries"
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};
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// Generate with specific country prefix
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "501234567890", { format: "EAN13" }); // UK product
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```
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### UPC Company Prefixes
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UPC-A codes are assigned by GS1 with company-specific prefixes:
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```javascript
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// Company gets assigned prefix (e.g., 042100)
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// Product codes within that range (e.g., 00526)
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// Full UPC: 042100005268 (with checksum)
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JsBarcode("#barcode", "04210000526", { format: "UPC" });
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```