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# Database Operations
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Direct database operations including schema synchronization, raw query execution, database introspection, and seeding with support for multiple database providers.
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## Capabilities
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### Database Pull
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Pull database schema from existing database and generate Prisma schema file with models, relations, and constraints.
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```bash { .api }
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/**
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 * Pull schema from existing database to generate Prisma schema
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 * Introspects database structure and creates/updates schema.prisma
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 */
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prisma db pull [options]
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Options:
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  --schema <path>          Custom schema file path
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  --url <connection>       Database connection URL
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  --force                  Overwrite existing schema without confirmation
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  --print                  Print schema to stdout instead of writing file
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  --help/-h               Show db pull command help
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```bash
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# Pull schema from database specified in schema
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prisma db pull
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# Pull with custom schema location
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prisma db pull --schema ./custom/schema.prisma
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# Pull with direct connection URL
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prisma db pull --url "postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/mydb"
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# Preview schema without writing file
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prisma db pull --print
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# Force overwrite existing schema
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prisma db pull --force
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```
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### Database Push
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Push Prisma schema changes directly to the database without creating migration files, ideal for prototyping and development.
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```bash { .api }
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/**
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 * Push schema changes directly to database
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 * Synchronizes database with schema without migration files
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 */
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prisma db push [options]
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Options:
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  --schema <path>          Custom schema file path
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  --force-reset           Reset database if schema changes cannot be applied
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  --accept-data-loss      Accept potential data loss from schema changes
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  --skip-generate         Skip automatic Prisma Client generation
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  --help/-h               Show db push command help
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```bash
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# Push schema changes to database
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prisma db push
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# Push with potential data loss acceptance
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prisma db push --accept-data-loss
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# Push and reset database if needed
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prisma db push --force-reset
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# Push without regenerating client
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prisma db push --skip-generate
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```
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### Database Execute
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Execute raw SQL queries directly against the database with support for files and stdin input.
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```bash { .api }
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/**
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 * Execute raw SQL queries against the database
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 * Supports direct queries, files, and stdin input
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 */
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prisma db execute [options]
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Options:
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  --schema <path>          Custom schema file path
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  --url <connection>       Database connection URL  
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  --file <path>           SQL file to execute
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  --stdin                 Read SQL from stdin
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  --help/-h               Show db execute command help
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```bash
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# Execute SQL from file
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prisma db execute --file ./scripts/seed.sql
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# Execute SQL from stdin
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echo "SELECT * FROM users;" | prisma db execute --stdin
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# Execute with custom connection
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prisma db execute --file ./query.sql --url "postgresql://..."
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# Execute with custom schema
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prisma db execute --file ./migration.sql --schema ./custom/schema.prisma
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```
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### Database Seed
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Run database seeding scripts to populate database with initial or test data.
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```bash { .api }
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/**
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 * Run database seeding scripts
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 * Executes seed script defined in package.json or default locations
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 */
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prisma db seed [options]
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Options:
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  --schema <path>          Custom schema file path
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  --help/-h               Show db seed command help
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```
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**Seed Configuration:**
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```json
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// package.json
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{
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  "prisma": {
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    "seed": "tsx prisma/seed.ts"
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  }
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}
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```
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**Usage Examples:**
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```bash
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# Run seed script
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prisma db seed
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# Run seed with custom schema
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prisma db seed --schema ./custom/schema.prisma
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```
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**Seed Script Example:**
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```typescript
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// prisma/seed.ts
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import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client'
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const prisma = new PrismaClient()
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async function main() {
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  // Create seed data
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  const alice = await prisma.user.create({
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    data: {
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      name: 'Alice',
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      email: 'alice@prisma.io',
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      posts: {
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        create: {
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          title: 'Hello World',
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          content: 'This is my first post',
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          published: true,
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        },
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      },
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    },
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  })
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  const bob = await prisma.user.create({
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    data: {
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      name: 'Bob',
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      email: 'bob@prisma.io',
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      posts: {
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        create: [
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          {
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            title: 'I am Bob',
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            content: 'This is my bio',
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            published: true,
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          },
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          {
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            title: 'Draft Post',
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            content: 'This is a draft',
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            published: false,
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          },
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        ],
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      },
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    },
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  })
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  console.log({ alice, bob })
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}
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main()
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  .catch((e) => {
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    console.error(e)
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    process.exit(1)
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  })
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  .finally(async () => {
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    await prisma.$disconnect()
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  })
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```
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## Database Provider Support
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### PostgreSQL Operations
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```bash
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# PostgreSQL-specific examples
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prisma db pull --url "postgresql://user:password@localhost:5432/mydb"
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prisma db push --schema ./postgresql-schema.prisma
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prisma db execute --file ./postgresql-queries.sql
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```
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### MySQL Operations  
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```bash
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# MySQL-specific examples
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prisma db pull --url "mysql://user:password@localhost:3306/mydb"
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prisma db push --schema ./mysql-schema.prisma
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prisma db execute --file ./mysql-queries.sql
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```
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### SQLite Operations
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```bash
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# SQLite-specific examples
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prisma db pull --url "file:./dev.db"
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prisma db push --schema ./sqlite-schema.prisma
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prisma db execute --file ./sqlite-queries.sql
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```
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### MongoDB Operations
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```bash
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# MongoDB-specific examples (limited operations)
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prisma db pull --url "mongodb://localhost:27017/mydb"
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prisma db push --schema ./mongodb-schema.prisma
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```
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## Schema Synchronization Patterns
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### Development Workflow
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```bash
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# Typical development flow
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prisma db push                    # Sync schema changes quickly
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prisma generate                   # Regenerate client
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prisma db seed                    # Populate with test data
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```
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### Production Introspection
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```bash
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# Pull production schema for local development
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prisma db pull --url $PRODUCTION_DATABASE_URL --print > production-schema.prisma
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```
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### Schema Migration
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```bash
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# Convert push-based development to migrations
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prisma db push                    # Final push of current schema
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prisma migrate dev --create-only  # Create migration from current state
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```
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## Error Handling
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Common database operation errors:
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- **Connection Errors**: Invalid database URL or connection issues
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- **Permission Errors**: Insufficient database privileges
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- **Schema Conflicts**: Conflicting schema changes during push
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- **Data Loss**: Schema changes that would lose data
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- **Syntax Errors**: Invalid SQL in execute operations
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- **Seed Failures**: Errors during seeding process
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## Integration Patterns
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### CI/CD Integration
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```bash
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# Production deployment
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prisma db push --accept-data-loss  # For staging environments
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prisma migrate deploy             # For production environments
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```
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### Local Development
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```bash
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# Quick iteration cycle
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prisma db push && prisma generate && prisma db seed
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```
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### Testing Integration
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```bash
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# Test database setup
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DATABASE_URL="postgresql://test:test@localhost:5432/test_db" prisma db push
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DATABASE_URL="postgresql://test:test@localhost:5432/test_db" prisma db seed
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```