Profiling Transaction Fingerprints

Analyzes historical transaction performance patterns using aggregated SQL statistics to identify high-retry transactions, contention patterns, and commit latency issues. Uses crdb_internal.transaction_statistics for time-windowed analysis of retry behavior, commit latency, and statement composition - entirely via SQL without requiring DB Console access.

Complement to profiling-statement-fingerprints: This skill analyzes transaction-level patterns (groups of statements with retry behavior); for statement-level optimization, see profiling-statement-fingerprints.

Complement to triaging-live-sql-activity: This skill analyzes historical transaction patterns; for immediate triage of currently active transactions, see triaging-live-sql-activity.

When to Use This Skill

• Identify transactions with high retry counts
• Analyze commit latency trends for transaction fingerprints
• Find transactions with high contention at transaction boundary
• Understand statement composition of problematic transactions
• Investigate transaction retry storms or abort patterns
• SQL-only historical transaction analysis without DB Console access

For immediate incident response: Use triaging-live-sql-activity to triage currently active transactions and cancel runaway work. For statement-level optimization: Use profiling-statement-fingerprints to analyze individual query patterns.

Prerequisites

• SQL connection to CockroachDB cluster
• VIEWACTIVITY or VIEWACTIVITYREDACTED cluster privilege for cluster-wide visibility
  • Same privilege requirements as profiling-statement-fingerprints
• Understanding of transaction performance concepts
• Transaction statistics collection enabled (default): sql.stats.automatic_collection.enabled = true

Check transaction stats collection:

SHOW CLUSTER SETTING sql.stats.automatic_collection.enabled;
-- Should return: true

See triaging-live-sql-activity permissions reference for RBAC setup (same privileges).

Core Concepts

Transaction Fingerprints vs Live Transactions

Transaction fingerprint: Normalized transaction pattern grouping statements with parameterized constants.

Key differences:

• Time scope: Historical hourly buckets vs real-time current state
• Granularity: Aggregated retry/commit stats vs individual transaction instances
• Relationship: Transaction = collection of statement fingerprints

Time-Series Bucketing

aggregated_ts: Hourly UTC buckets (e.g., 2026-02-21 14:00:00 = 14:00-14:59 executions) Data retention: Default ~7 days (check sql.stats.persisted_rows.max) Best practice: Always filter by time window: WHERE aggregated_ts > now() - INTERVAL '24 hours'

Aggregated vs Sampled Metrics

Critical: Sampled metrics have cnt field showing sample size. Always check:

WHERE (statistics->'execution_statistics'->>'cnt') IS NOT NULL

JSON Field Extraction

CockroachDB stores transaction metadata and statistics as JSONB. Use these operators:

Operators:

• ->: Extract JSON object/value (returns JSON)
• ->>: Extract as text (returns text)
• ::TYPE: Cast to specific type
• encode(fingerprint_id, 'hex'): Convert binary fingerprint to hex string

Transaction-specific examples:

encode(fingerprint_id, 'hex') AS txn_fingerprint_id                     -- Hex encoding
(statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT                           -- Max retry count
(statistics->'statistics'->'retryLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8                  -- Retry latency (seconds)
(statistics->'statistics'->'commitLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8                 -- Commit latency (seconds)
(statistics->'statistics'->'svcLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8                    -- Service latency (seconds)
metadata->'stmtFingerprintIDs' AS stmt_fingerprint_ids_json             -- Statement composition

Units:

• Latency fields: seconds (FLOAT8)
• CPU/contention: nanoseconds (divide by 1e9 for seconds)
• Memory/disk: bytes (consider / 1048576 for MB)

See JSON field reference for complete schema.

Statement Composition

metadata.stmtFingerprintIDs: JSONB array mapping transaction to constituent statements

Use case: Understand which statements compose high-retry transactions

Cross-reference workflow: Join transaction_statistics with statement_statistics on fingerprint IDs

Example pattern:

-- Extract statement fingerprint IDs from transaction
metadata -> 'stmtFingerprintIDs' AS stmt_ids

-- Use with jsonb_array_elements_text to expand and join
jsonb_array_elements_text(metadata->'stmtFingerprintIDs') AS stmt_fingerprint_id

Core Diagnostic Queries

Query 1: Top Transactions by Retries and Contention

-- Identify transactions with high retry counts and contention
SELECT
  encode(fingerprint_id, 'hex') AS txn_fingerprint_id,
  metadata->>'db' AS database,
  metadata->>'app' AS application,
  (statistics->'statistics'->>'cnt')::INT AS execution_count,
  (statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT AS max_retries,
  (statistics->'statistics'->'retryLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 AS mean_retry_lat_seconds,
  (statistics->'execution_statistics'->'contentionTime'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 / 1e9 AS mean_contention_seconds,
  aggregated_ts
FROM crdb_internal.transaction_statistics
WHERE aggregated_ts > now() - INTERVAL '24 hours'
  AND (statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT > 0
ORDER BY (statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT DESC
LIMIT 20;

Key columns: max_retries shows maximum retry count; mean_retry_lat_seconds shows time spent in retries; mean_contention_seconds shows lock wait time.

Interpretation: High max_retries (>10) indicates transaction conflicts; correlate with contention to identify lock hotspots.

Query 2: Statement Composition Analysis

-- Extract statement fingerprints for high-retry transactions
SELECT
  encode(t.fingerprint_id, 'hex') AS txn_fingerprint_id,
  t.metadata->>'app' AS application,
  (t.statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT AS max_retries,
  jsonb_array_length(t.metadata->'stmtFingerprintIDs') AS num_statements,
  t.metadata->'stmtFingerprintIDs' AS stmt_fingerprint_ids,
  t.aggregated_ts
FROM crdb_internal.transaction_statistics t
WHERE t.aggregated_ts > now() - INTERVAL '24 hours'
  AND (t.statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT > 10
  AND t.metadata->'stmtFingerprintIDs' IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY max_retries DESC
LIMIT 20;

Key columns: num_statements shows transaction complexity; stmt_fingerprint_ids contains statement IDs for cross-reference with statement_statistics.

Use case: Understand which statement combinations cause retries; use Query 7 to drill down to specific statements.

Query 3: High Commit Latency Transactions

-- Find transactions with slow commit latency
SELECT
  encode(fingerprint_id, 'hex') AS txn_fingerprint_id,
  metadata->>'db' AS database,
  metadata->>'app' AS application,
  (statistics->'statistics'->>'cnt')::INT AS execution_count,
  (statistics->'statistics'->'commitLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 AS mean_commit_lat_seconds,
  (statistics->'statistics'->'svcLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 AS mean_service_lat_seconds,
  ROUND(
    ((statistics->'statistics'->'commitLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 /
    NULLIF((statistics->'statistics'->'svcLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8, 0)) * 100, 2
  ) AS commit_pct_of_service_lat,
  aggregated_ts
FROM crdb_internal.transaction_statistics
WHERE aggregated_ts > now() - INTERVAL '24 hours'
  AND (statistics->'statistics'->'commitLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 > 0.1  -- > 100ms commit latency
ORDER BY (statistics->'statistics'->'commitLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 DESC
LIMIT 20;

Key columns: mean_commit_lat_seconds shows 2PC commit time; commit_pct_of_service_lat shows what percentage of total latency is commit overhead.

Interpretation: High commit percentage (>20%) suggests distributed transaction overhead, replication delays, or cross-region writes.

Query 4: Retry Rate by Application

-- Analyze retry patterns by application
SELECT
  metadata->>'app' AS application,
  metadata->>'db' AS database,
  COUNT(*) AS transaction_fingerprint_count,
  SUM((statistics->'statistics'->>'cnt')::INT) AS total_executions,
  AVG((statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT) AS avg_max_retries,
  MAX((statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT) AS overall_max_retries,
  AVG((statistics->'statistics'->'retryLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8) AS avg_retry_lat_seconds
FROM crdb_internal.transaction_statistics
WHERE aggregated_ts > now() - INTERVAL '24 hours'
  AND (statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT > 0
GROUP BY metadata->>'app', metadata->>'db'
ORDER BY avg_max_retries DESC
LIMIT 20;

Use case: Application-level health scorecard; identify which applications have the most problematic transaction patterns.

Customization: Adjust time window to 7 days for trends; filter by specific database.

Query 5: Transaction Resource Consumption

-- Find transactions with high resource usage
SELECT
  encode(fingerprint_id, 'hex') AS txn_fingerprint_id,
  metadata->>'app' AS application,
  (statistics->'statistics'->>'cnt')::INT AS execution_count,
  (statistics->'execution_statistics'->'networkBytes'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 / 1048576 AS mean_network_mb,
  (statistics->'execution_statistics'->'maxMemUsage'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 / 1048576 AS mean_mem_mb,
  (statistics->'execution_statistics'->'maxDiskUsage'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 / 1048576 AS mean_disk_mb,
  ROUND(
    ((statistics->'execution_statistics'->'networkBytes'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 / 1048576) *
    (statistics->'statistics'->>'cnt')::INT, 2
  ) AS estimated_total_network_mb,
  aggregated_ts
FROM crdb_internal.transaction_statistics
WHERE aggregated_ts > now() - INTERVAL '24 hours'
  AND (statistics->'execution_statistics'->>'cnt') IS NOT NULL
  AND (statistics->'execution_statistics'->'networkBytes'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 > 0
ORDER BY estimated_total_network_mb DESC
LIMIT 20;

Key columns: mean_network_mb shows distributed transaction overhead; mean_disk_mb > 0 indicates memory spill.

Interpretation: High network bytes suggest cross-region transactions or inefficient distribution; disk usage indicates memory pressure.

Query 6: Retry Latency Decomposition

-- Understand retry latency as percentage of service latency
SELECT
  encode(fingerprint_id, 'hex') AS txn_fingerprint_id,
  metadata->>'app' AS application,
  (statistics->'statistics'->>'cnt')::INT AS execution_count,
  (statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT AS max_retries,
  (statistics->'statistics'->'retryLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 AS mean_retry_lat_seconds,
  (statistics->'statistics'->'svcLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 AS mean_service_lat_seconds,
  ROUND(
    ((statistics->'statistics'->'retryLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 /
    NULLIF((statistics->'statistics'->'svcLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8, 0)) * 100, 2
  ) AS retry_pct_of_service_lat,
  aggregated_ts
FROM crdb_internal.transaction_statistics
WHERE aggregated_ts > now() - INTERVAL '24 hours'
  AND (statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT > 0
  AND (statistics->'statistics'->'retryLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 > 0
ORDER BY retry_pct_of_service_lat DESC
LIMIT 20;

Interpretation: High retry percentage (>30%) means most latency is spent retrying due to contention; optimize transaction boundaries or schema.

Query 7: Cross-Reference Transaction to Statements

-- Join transaction statistics with statement statistics to see constituent statements
SELECT
  encode(t.fingerprint_id, 'hex') AS txn_fingerprint_id,
  t.metadata->>'app' AS txn_application,
  (t.statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT AS txn_max_retries,
  stmt_fp_id AS stmt_fingerprint_id,
  s.metadata->>'query' AS statement_query,
  (s.statistics->'statistics'->'runLat'->>'mean')::FLOAT8 AS stmt_mean_run_lat_seconds,
  t.aggregated_ts
FROM crdb_internal.transaction_statistics t
CROSS JOIN LATERAL jsonb_array_elements_text(t.metadata->'stmtFingerprintIDs') AS stmt_fp_id
LEFT JOIN crdb_internal.statement_statistics s
  ON s.fingerprint_id = decode(stmt_fp_id, 'hex')
  AND s.aggregated_ts = t.aggregated_ts
WHERE t.aggregated_ts > now() - INTERVAL '24 hours'
  AND (t.statistics->'statistics'->>'maxRetries')::INT > 10
  AND t.metadata->'stmtFingerprintIDs' IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY txn_max_retries DESC, stmt_mean_run_lat_seconds DESC
LIMIT 50;

Use case: Drill down from high-retry transactions to specific problematic statements; identify which statement in a transaction is causing retries.

Note: Uses decode(stmt_fp_id, 'hex') to convert hex string back to binary for join with statement_statistics.

Common Workflows

Workflow 1: Retry Storm Investigation

1. Identify high-retry transactions: Run Query 1, focus on max_retries > 20
2. Analyze retry patterns by application: Run Query 4 to identify problematic apps
3. Examine statement composition: Run Query 7 to see which statements are in high-retry transactions
4. Cross-reference live activity: If ongoing, use triaging-live-sql-activity to check current transaction state
5. Remediate: Adjust transaction boundaries, batch operations, optimize statements identified in step 3

Workflow 2: Commit Latency Analysis

1. Find slow commit transactions: Run Query 3, focus on commit_pct_of_service_lat > 20%
2. Check for contention correlation: Run Query 1 for same transaction fingerprints to see if contention is related
3. Analyze time patterns: Group Query 3 by aggregated_ts to identify peak periods
4. Resource investigation: Run Query 5 to check if network overhead correlates with commit latency
5. Remediate: Consider batching operations, partitioning tables, or investigating replication configuration

Workflow 3: Statement Composition Drill-Down

1. Identify problematic transactions: Run Query 1 or Query 3 to find high-retry or slow-commit transactions
2. Extract statement IDs: Run Query 2 to see stmtFingerprintIDs for target transactions
3. Join with statement_statistics: Run Query 7 to see full statement details
4. Optimize bottleneck statements: Use profiling-statement-fingerprints skill to analyze and optimize identified statements
5. Validate retry reduction: Re-run Query 1 after optimizations to confirm improved retry counts

Workflow 4: Application Health Scorecard

1. Generate retry metrics by app: Run Query 4 to get application-level retry statistics
2. Correlate with commit latency: Modify Query 3 to group by application
3. Resource attribution: Run Query 5 grouped by application to see resource impact
4. Trend analysis: Run queries with 7-day window and compare hourly buckets
5. Contact application teams: Provide specific transaction fingerprints with high retries or latency for investigation

Safety Considerations

Read-only operations: All queries are SELECT statements against crdb_internal.transaction_statistics, which is production-approved and safe for diagnostic use.

Performance impact:

Privacy: Use VIEWACTIVITYREDACTED to redact query constants in multi-tenant environments (same as statement profiling).

Default time window: 24 hours balances recent data with manageable result sets.

Troubleshooting

Key Considerations

• Time windows: Default to 24h; expand to 7d for trends
• Sampled metrics: Not all executions captured; check sample size (cnt)
• JSON field safety: Use defensive NULL checks; handle type casting errors
• Privacy: Use VIEWACTIVITYREDACTED in production
• Performance: Always include time filters and LIMIT clauses
• Complement to statement profiling: Use together for complete coverage (transaction + statement)
• Complement to live triage: Historical patterns vs real-time (use both)
• Data retention: Default ~7 days; verify with sql.stats.persisted_rows.max
• Retry semantics: maxRetries is maximum across all executions in bucket, not average
• Fingerprint encoding: Use encode(fingerprint_id, 'hex') for human-readable IDs

References

Skill references:

• JSON field schema and extraction
• Metrics catalog and units
• SQL query variations
• RBAC and privileges (shared with triaging-live-sql-activity)

Official CockroachDB Documentation:

• crdb_internal
• Transactions Page (DB Console)
• Monitor and Analyze Transaction Contention
• VIEWACTIVITY privilege

Related skills:

• profiling-statement-fingerprints - For statement-level optimization
• triaging-live-sql-activity - For immediate triage of active transactions