Neo4j GraphRAG Skill

When to Use

Building GraphRAG retrieval pipelines with neo4j-graphrag Python package
Choosing between VectorRetriever, HybridRetriever, VectorCypherRetriever, HybridCypherRetriever
Writing retrieval_query Cypher fragments for graph-augmented context
Wiring retriever + LLM into a GraphRAG pipeline
Using LLM-routed multi-retriever with ToolsRetriever
Debugging low retrieval quality
Integrating Neo4j with LangChain, LlamaIndex, or Haystack

When NOT to Use

KG construction from documents → neo4j-document-import-skill
Plain vector/semantic search without graph traversal → neo4j-vector-index-skill
Hybrid search that combines vector with fulltext or other ranked sources → neo4j-vector-index-skill
GDS algorithms (PageRank, Louvain, node embeddings) → neo4j-gds-skill
Agent long-term memory → neo4j-agent-memory-skill
Writing raw Cypher queries → neo4j-cypher-skill

Retriever Selection

Has fulltext index?
  YES → Hybrid variants (HybridRetriever / HybridCypherRetriever)
  NO  → Vector variants (VectorRetriever / VectorCypherRetriever)

Need graph traversal after vector lookup?
  YES → Cypher variants (VectorCypherRetriever / HybridCypherRetriever)
  NO  → plain variants

Natural-language-to-Cypher?        → Text2CypherRetriever (no embedder needed)
LLM should route between retrievers? → ToolsRetriever
Vectors stored in external DB?      → WeaviateNeo4jRetriever / PineconeNeo4jRetriever / QdrantNeo4jRetriever

Retriever	Vector	Fulltext	Graph	Best For
`VectorRetriever`	✓	—	—	Baseline semantic search
`HybridRetriever`	✓	✓	—	Better recall, no graph expansion
`VectorCypherRetriever`	✓	—	✓	GraphRAG without fulltext
`HybridCypherRetriever`	✓	✓	✓	Production GraphRAG — default
`Text2CypherRetriever`	—	—	✓	NL→Cypher, no embedder
`ToolsRetriever`	varies	varies	varies	LLM-routed multi-retriever
`WeaviateNeo4jRetriever`	✓	—	✓	Vectors in Weaviate
`PineconeNeo4jRetriever`	✓	—	✓	Vectors in Pinecone
`QdrantNeo4jRetriever`	✓	—	✓	Vectors in Qdrant

Install

pip install neo4j-graphrag[openai]        # OpenAI LLM + embeddings
pip install neo4j-graphrag[anthropic]     # Anthropic Claude
pip install neo4j-graphrag[google]        # Vertex AI / Gemini
pip install neo4j-graphrag[bedrock]       # Amazon Bedrock (boto3)
pip install neo4j-graphrag[cohere]        # Cohere
pip install neo4j-graphrag[mistralai]     # MistralAI
pip install neo4j-graphrag[ollama]        # Ollama (local)
pip install neo4j-graphrag[weaviate]      # Weaviate external retriever
pip install neo4j-graphrag[pinecone]      # Pinecone external retriever
pip install neo4j-graphrag[qdrant]        # Qdrant external retriever

Requires: Python >= 3.10, neo4j >= 5.17.0 (driver 6.x supported).

Step 2 — Choose Retriever

Pick from Retriever Selection table above.

For custom Cypher hybrid search outside the neo4j-graphrag retriever APIs, use neo4j-vector-index-skill.

Vector backend selection [v1.16+, auto]: on Neo4j 2026.01+ all four vector/hybrid retrievers auto-route through the Cypher 25 SEARCH ... WHERE clause when filters are SEARCH-compatible (simple AND comparisons) and all filter props are declared in the index WITH [n.prop] list. $or, $in, $like, or undeclared props → automatic fallback to db.index.vector.queryNodes() procedure path (with warning log). Declare filterable properties via filterable_properties=[...] on create_vector_index().

Step 3 — Create Indexes (run once)

// Vector index (all retrievers need this)
CREATE VECTOR INDEX chunk_embedding IF NOT EXISTS
FOR (c:Chunk) ON (c.embedding)
OPTIONS { indexConfig: {
  `vector.dimensions`: 1536,
  `vector.similarity_function`: 'cosine'
} };

// Fulltext index (Hybrid retrievers only)
CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX chunk_fulltext IF NOT EXISTS
FOR (c:Chunk) ON EACH [c.text];

// Confirm ONLINE before ingesting:
SHOW INDEXES YIELD name, state
WHERE name IN ['chunk_embedding', 'chunk_fulltext']
RETURN name, state;
// Both must show state = 'ONLINE'

If index not ONLINE: wait, poll every 5s. Do NOT start ingestion until ONLINE.

Step 4 — Core Pattern (HybridCypherRetriever)

from neo4j import GraphDatabase
from neo4j_graphrag.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings
from neo4j_graphrag.generation import GraphRAG
from neo4j_graphrag.llm import OpenAILLM
from neo4j_graphrag.retrievers import HybridCypherRetriever

driver = GraphDatabase.driver(NEO4J_URI, auth=(NEO4J_USERNAME, NEO4J_PASSWORD))
embedder = OpenAIEmbeddings(model="text-embedding-3-large")  # OPENAI_API_KEY from env

# retrieval_query: Cypher fragment executed after the vector/fulltext lookup.
# Auto-injected variables:  node  (matched node)   score  (similarity float)
# MUST include a RETURN clause.  score must appear in RETURN.
retrieval_query = """
MATCH (node)<-[:HAS_CHUNK]-(article:Article)
OPTIONAL MATCH (article)-[:MENTIONS]->(org:Organization)
RETURN node.text AS chunk_text,
       article.title AS article_title,
       collect(DISTINCT org.name) AS mentioned_organizations,
       score
"""

retriever = HybridCypherRetriever(
    driver=driver,
    vector_index_name="chunk_embedding",
    fulltext_index_name="chunk_fulltext",
    retrieval_query=retrieval_query,
    embedder=embedder,
)

llm = OpenAILLM(model_name="gpt-4.1", model_params={"temperature": 0})

rag = GraphRAG(
    retriever=retriever,
    llm=llm,
)

response = rag.search(
    query_text="Who does Alice work for?",
    retriever_config={"top_k": 5},
)
print(response.answer)
driver.close()

VectorCypherRetriever

from neo4j_graphrag.retrievers import VectorCypherRetriever

retriever = VectorCypherRetriever(
    driver=driver,
    index_name="chunk_embedding",
    retrieval_query=retrieval_query,
    embedder=embedder,
)

response = rag.search(
    query_text="What happened at Apple?",
    retriever_config={"top_k": 10},
)

Text2CypherRetriever

Translates natural language to Cypher using an LLM. No embedder required.

Security (v1.16.0+): Every LLM-generated Cypher is run through EXPLAIN first. Any statement classified as write/destructive raises Text2CypherRetrievalError instead of executing — prevents prompt-injection attacks.

from neo4j_graphrag.retrievers import Text2CypherRetriever

retriever = Text2CypherRetriever(
    driver=driver,
    llm=OpenAILLM(model_name="gpt-4.1"),
    neo4j_schema=None,       # None = auto-fetch schema from DB; pass string to trim
    examples=[
        "Q: Who works at Neo4j? A: MATCH (p:Person)-[:WORKS_AT]->(c:Company {name:'Neo4j'}) RETURN p.name"
    ],
)
results = retriever.search(query_text="Which people work at Neo4j?")

ToolsRetriever (LLM-routed multi-retriever)

from neo4j_graphrag.retrievers import ToolsRetriever

tools_retriever = ToolsRetriever(
    llm=llm,
    retrievers=[vector_retriever, text2cypher_retriever],
)
# LLM decides which retriever(s) to invoke per query

# Convert any retriever to a standalone Tool:
tool = vector_retriever.convert_to_tool()

Filters (pre-filter before vector search)

results = retriever.search(
    query_text="quarterly earnings",
    top_k=5,
    filters={
        "date": {"$gte": "2024-01-01"},
        "source": {"$eq": "10-K"},
    },
)
# Operators: $eq  $ne  $lt  $lte  $gt  $gte  $between  $in  $like  $ilike

query_params (parameterized retrieval_query)

retrieval_query = """
MATCH (node)<-[:HAS_CHUNK]-(a:Article)-[:MENTIONS]->(org:Organization {name: $entity_name})
RETURN node.text, a.title, score
"""

# Pass via retriever.search directly:
results = retriever.search(
    query_text="What happened at Apple?",
    top_k=10,
    query_params={"entity_name": "Apple"},
)

# Or via GraphRAG.search:
response = rag.search(
    query_text="What happened at Apple?",
    retriever_config={"top_k": 10, "query_params": {"entity_name": "Apple"}},
)

Cypher 25 SEARCH Clause (v1.16.0, Neo4j 2026.x+)

# Enable SEARCH clause syntax in vector/hybrid retrievers (requires Neo4j 2026+)
retriever = VectorRetriever(
    driver=driver,
    index_name="chunk_embedding",
    embedder=embedder,
    use_search_clause=True,
)

Since v1.19, the vector and vector-Cypher retrievers automatically prefix SEARCH queries with CYPHER 25 and fall back to the procedure-based vector search when SEARCH is unsupported or fails.

Component Imports (v1.19 — breaking, preparing 2.0)

All components moved out of the experimental namespace. Old imports still work but emit a DeprecationWarning and will be removed in 2.0:

# v1.19+ — preferred
from neo4j_graphrag.components.text_splitters.fixed_size_splitter import FixedSizeSplitter

# deprecated (removed in 2.0)
from neo4j_graphrag.experimental.components.text_splitters.fixed_size_splitter import FixedSizeSplitter

# SimpleKGPipeline did NOT move — only valid path:
from neo4j_graphrag.experimental.pipeline.kg_builder import SimpleKGPipeline

neo4j_graphrag.pipeline (v1.21+) = new lazy dataflow DSL (Pipeline, LocalInterpreter, Sink), unrelated to the experimental task-graph Pipeline behind SimpleKGPipeline. neo4j_graphrag.pipeline.kg_builder does not exist → ModuleNotFoundError.

Also since v1.19: Component / RunContext / TaskProgressNotifierProtocol live in neo4j_graphrag.components.base, and malformed components raise ComponentDefinitionError (no longer PipelineDefinitionError).

Dataflow Pipeline DSL + Observers (v1.21)

Lazy neo4j_graphrag.pipeline.Pipeline + LocalInterpreter(observers=[...]); TextSplitter.iter_chunks(). Full API → references/pipeline-dsl.md.

ORDER BY on Cypher Retrievers (v1.16.0)

results = retriever.search(
    query_text="...",
    top_k=10,
    order_by="score DESC",
)

If neo4j_schema=None: retriever fetches schema automatically. For large schemas, pass a trimmed string to reduce LLM prompt size.

Destructive-query guard [v1.16+]: Text2CypherRetriever runs EXPLAIN on the generated Cypher before execution and rejects queries that produce writes (CREATE, MERGE, DELETE, SET, REMOVE, etc.). LLM-generated writes are never executed against the graph.

Custom Prompt Template

from neo4j_graphrag.generation.prompts import RagTemplate

template = RagTemplate(
    template="""Answer using ONLY the context below.
Context: {context}
Question: {query_text}
Answer:""",
    expected_inputs=["context", "query_text"],
)

rag = GraphRAG(retriever=retriever, llm=llm, prompt_template=template)

return_context and response_fallback

response = rag.search(
    query_text="...",
    retriever_config={"top_k": 5},
    return_context=True,                        # include raw retrieved chunks
    response_fallback="No relevant context.",   # skip LLM call if retriever returns nothing
)
print(response.answer)
print(response.retriever_result)    # RawSearchResult when return_context=True

Message History (multi-turn)

from neo4j_graphrag.message_history import InMemoryMessageHistory

history = InMemoryMessageHistory()
r1 = rag.search(query_text="Who is Alice?", message_history=history)
r2 = rag.search(query_text="Where does she work?", message_history=history)

External Retrievers, LLM + Embedder Providers

Weaviate / Pinecone / Qdrant constructors → references/retrievers.md
LLM classes (OpenAILLM, AnthropicLLM, GeminiLLM, VertexAILLM, BedrockLLM, …), base_url, token usage, close(); embedder classes + dims → references/providers.md

Index Setup

from neo4j_graphrag.indexes import create_vector_index

# Vector index — adjust dimensions to match your embedding model
create_vector_index(
    driver,
    name="chunk_embedding",
    label="Chunk",
    embedding_property="embedding",
    dimensions=1536,
    similarity_fn="cosine",       # or "euclidean"
)

# Fulltext index (run as Cypher)
# CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX chunk_fulltext IF NOT EXISTS
#   FOR (c:Chunk) ON EACH [c.text]

Schema Inspection

from neo4j_graphrag.schema import get_schema, get_structured_schema

schema_str = get_schema(driver, sample=1000)           # human-readable string
schema_dict = get_structured_schema(driver, sample=1000)  # dict with labels/rels/props

Common Errors

Error	Cause	Fix
`ModuleNotFoundError: neo4j_genai`	Old package name	`pip uninstall neo4j-genai && pip install neo4j-graphrag`
`retrieval_query` returns 0 rows	Missing `MATCH` or wrong rel direction	`EXPLAIN` the fragment; check `CALL db.schema.visualization()`
`KeyError: 'score'` in results	`retrieval_query` RETURN missing `score`	Add `score` to every `retrieval_query` RETURN clause
`score` variable not found	`score` re-declared in `retrieval_query`	Do not re-declare `score` — it is auto-injected
`Text2CypherRetrievalError`	LLM generated a write statement	Expected security behavior (v1.16.0+); refine prompt or schema
`TypeError: coroutine`	Missing `await` / `asyncio.run()`	Wrap async calls: `asyncio.run(pipeline.run_async(...))`
Empty results from HybridRetriever	Fulltext index not ONLINE	`SHOW INDEXES YIELD name, state WHERE state <> 'ONLINE'`
`VectorCypherRetriever` + `filters` raises "requires: node_label, embedding_node_property, …" (v1.19 name-mismatch bug)	`_fetch_index_infos` sets `self._embedding_node_property`, constructor sets `_node_embedding_property`	Shim after construction: `r._node_embedding_property = r._embedding_node_property or "embedding"`; append filter props to `r._filterable_properties`
Embedding dimension mismatch	Index dims ≠ model dims	Recreate index with correct `dimensions=` value

Verification Checklist

neo4j-graphrag (not neo4j-genai) installed; neo4j >= 5.17.0 driver
Vector index ONLINE before ingesting embeddings or running retriever
Fulltext index ONLINE if using Hybrid variants
Embedding dims in create_vector_index match the embedder output
retrieval_query returns node and score in RETURN (not re-declared)
query_params passed via retriever_config on rag.search() (not on retriever constructor)
API keys in env vars; never hardcoded
llm.close() called when done to release resources

References

Load on demand:

references/retrievers.md — per-retriever constructor params, external vector DB retrievers, result_formatter, pre-filter operators
references/providers.md — LLM + embedder provider classes, extras, defaults
references/pipeline-dsl.md — dataflow Pipeline DSL, Source/Sink, stage observers [v1.21]
references/kg-builder.md — SimpleKGPipeline constructor, schema, splitters
references/knowledge-graph-construction.md — advanced KG pipeline customization
neo4j-graphrag package docs
RAG & GraphRAG user guide
KG Builder user guide
GitHub — neo4j-graphrag-python
Examples folder