Netlify configuration

netlify.toml lives at the repo root (or set base/package directory for monorepos). Settings in netlify.toml override the Netlify UI on conflict. _headers and _redirects are extensionless plain-text files in the publish directory, processed before netlify.toml rules.

Footguns (read first)

• Env vars in netlify.toml are NOT available to functions or edge functions at runtime — reading them there returns undefined. Vars declared in netlify.toml only get the Builds and Post processing scopes. Set runtime vars in the UI or with netlify env:set.
• Never put secrets in client-prefixed vars (VITE_, NEXT_PUBLIC_, PUBLIC_, …) — they are inlined into the client bundle. --secret does not protect them.
• .env is not read by the Netlify build system — import variables into Netlify first (netlify env:import). The CLI reads .env only for local builds.
• Direct env injection into netlify.toml (key = "$VAR") is unsupported — except signed proxy redirects. Use a build plugin or sed in the build command.
• [[redirects]] and [[headers]] are global — NOT context-aware, cannot be scoped to branches/contexts. Workaround: per-context build command copies a custom file into the publish directory.
• Proxy rewrites time out at 26 seconds. HTTP 307 is unsupported — use 302.

netlify.toml — core structure

[build]
  base = "project/"          # base directory
  publish = "build-output/"  # relative to base, default /
  command = "npm run build"  # runs in Bash shell
  [build.environment]
    NODE_VERSION = "18"

[context.production]         # production branch deploy
  command = "make publish"
  environment = { NODE_VERSION = "14.15.3" }
[context.deploy-preview]     # PR/MR previews
  publish = "dist/"
[context.branch-deploy]      # non-production branches
  command = "echo branch"
[context.dev.environment]    # local dev env vars ONLY
  NODE_ENV = "development"
[context.staging]            # a specific branch name
  command = "echo staging"
[context."feat/branch"]      # quote branches with special chars
  command = "echo special"

Context precedence (least → most specific): UI settings < base context-aware key < [context.production|deploy-preview|branch-deploy|dev] < [context.branchname]. Only [build] and [[plugins]] are context-aware. All paths are absolute relative to the base directory (root / default).

Config file search order: package directory → base directory → root.

Functions config

[functions]
  directory = "functions/"           # default: YOUR_BASE_DIR/netlify/functions
  node_bundler = "esbuild"           # prefer esbuild; zisi is the JS default
  external_node_modules = ["package-1"]
  included_files = ["files/*.md", "!files/skip.md"]

[functions."api_*"]                  # glob filter; values CONCATENATE across matches
  external_node_modules = ["package-2"]

• esbuild = smaller/faster artifacts; TypeScript functions always use esbuild.
• external_node_modules applies only with esbuild. included_files: * wildcard, ! excludes; paths absolute to base.

Environment variables

Set runtime/scoped vars via CLI/UI/API (not netlify.toml):

netlify env:set MY_KEY value --secret     # --secret marks an env var secret
netlify env:import .env                    # site-level, all scopes, all contexts
netlify env:list --plain --context production > .env
netlify env:unset MY_KEY

Keep any .env snapshot gitignored — never commit it.

Types: site vars (one site) vs shared vars (whole team; Pro/Enterprise; Team Owners only).

Scopes (Pro/Enterprise; default = all): Builds, Functions (also Edge Functions + On-demand Builders), Runtime (forms, signed proxy redirects), Post processing (snippet injection). Vars from netlify.toml are locked to Builds + Post processing.

Scope precedence is independent per scope: a site variable scoped only to Builds does NOT shadow a shared variable for the Functions scope — the shared value still applies there. Site beats shared only within the scopes the site variable actually carries.

Deploy-context values: Production, Deploy Previews, Branch deploys (override per-branch with a Branch value, wildcard suffix release/*), Preview server, Local development.

Overrides: netlify.toml vars override same-key UI/CLI/API vars. Site var beats shared var per its scopes/contexts.

Limits: keys ≤ 255 chars, alphanumeric + underscore, first char a letter (KEY1 ok; 1KEY/_KEY1 invalid). Values ≤ 5,000 chars (functions within AWS limits). Reserved read-only names can't be overridden.

Build variables

Settable in netlify.toml [build.environment]: NODE_VERSION, NODE_ENV, NPM_VERSION, NPM_FLAGS, NPM_TOKEN, YARN_VERSION, PNPM_FLAGS, BUN_VERSION, RUBY_VERSION, PHP_VERSION, PYTHON_VERSION, GO_VERSION, HUGO_VERSION, NETLIFY_USE_YARN, CI, etc.

Set in UI/CLI only (NOT netlify.toml, which is read after clone): AWS_LAMBDA_JS_RUNTIME, GIT_LFS_ENABLED, GIT_LFS_FETCH_INCLUDE, NETLIFY_BUILD_DEBUG.

Read-only build metadata (examples): NETLIFY, BUILD_ID, CONTEXT (production/deploy-preview/branch-deploy/dev), BRANCH, HEAD, COMMIT_REF, CACHED_COMMIT_REF, PULL_REQUEST, REVIEW_ID, URL, DEPLOY_URL, DEPLOY_PRIME_URL, DEPLOY_ID, SITE_NAME, SITE_ID, ACCOUNT_ID.

Access: Bash $VAR_NAME in build/ignore commands; process.env.VAR_NAME in Node scripts and plugins. Scope must include Builds.

Inject env values into headers/redirects

[build]
  command = "sed -i \"s|HEADER_PLACEHOLDER|${PROD_API_LOCATION}|g\" netlify.toml && yarn build"

Substitution only reaches [[headers]]/[[redirects]] (read after build); NOT available to build plugins. Alternatively mutate netlifyConfig in a local build plugin.

Redirects & rewrites

_redirects (one rule per line) or [[redirects]]. Rules process top-down; first match wins. _redirects/file rules run before netlify.toml.

/home            /                301
/my-redirect     /                302
/store id=:id    /blog/:id        301
/news/*          /blog/:splat
/*               /index.html      200          # SPA fallback

[[redirects]]
  from = "/old-path"
  to = "/new-path"
  status = 302              # default 301
  force = true             # default false; shadow an existing URL
  query = { id = ":id" }
  conditions = { Language = ["en"], Country = ["US"], Role = ["admin"] }
  [redirects.headers]
    X-From = "Netlify"

• Force/shadow: you can't shadow an existing URL by default — append ! in _redirects or force = true in toml.
• Splats (*) only at the end of a path segment (/jobs/*.html won't work). Can't exclude a path from a splat — order a more specific rule first.
• Query: id=:id matches URLs with only id and no other params. List optional-param variants most-general-last.
• Trailing slash: URLs are normalized before rules run; you cannot add/remove a trailing slash via a redirect (infinite loop). Pretty URLs (on by default) handle standardization.
• Country/Language conditions: no spaces (Country=au,nz). Country = ISO 3166-1 alpha-2; Language = browser/locale codes, matches the FIRST Accept-Language entry. nf_country/nf_lang cookies override.
• Domain redirects: HTTP and HTTPS need separate rules unless forcing SSL; the domain must be assigned to the site.
• Role-based redirects with external auth: Enterprise only. HTTP 307 unsupported → use 302.
• 10,000+ redirects: favor wildcards/placeholders; serialization across _redirects + netlify.toml can fail the deploy if too large — consider Edge Functions.

Rewrites & proxies (status 200)

/api/*            https://api.example.com/:splat        200
/netlify-site/*   https://my-other-site.netlify.app/:splat  200

[[redirects]]
  from = "/search"
  to = "https://api.mysearch.com"
  status = 200
  force = true
  headers = { X-From = "Netlify" }

• No cross-team rewrites between Netlify sites. Infinite-loop rules (from == to) are ignored.
• Internal rewrites limited to one hop. Proxy timeout 26s — use async for longer. Rewrites break relative-path assets — use absolute paths or <base>.
• Proxy to another Netlify site: use its .netlify.app subdomain. Rewrites into a separate password-protected site are not allowed.

Signed proxy redirects (netlify.toml only)

[[redirects]]
  from = "/search"
  to = "https://api.mysearch.com"
  status = 200
  force = true
  signed = "API_SIGNATURE_TOKEN_PLACEHOLDER"

Must be in netlify.toml; env var scope must include Runtime; not supported proxying Netlify→Netlify. Netlify sends the JWS as HMAC HS256 in the x-nf-sign header. (This is the one place $VAR-style env injection is allowed.)

Custom headers

/*
  X-Frame-Options: DENY
  cache-control: max-age=0
  cache-control: no-cache          # multi-value collapses comma-joined

[[headers]]
  for = "/*"
  [headers.values]
    X-Frame-Options = "DENY"
    Basic-Auth = "someuser:somepassword anotheruser:anotherpassword"
    cache-control = '''
    max-age=0,
    no-cache,
    no-store'''

• Headers apply only to files Netlify serves from its own store — proxied content, functions, and edge/SSR pages must return their own headers.
• Reserved header names Netlify controls (ignored if you set them): Content-Length, Content-Encoding, Location (use redirects), Set-Cookie (may be overridden), Server, Date, Age, Connection, Transfer-Encoding, etc.
• Basic-Auth headers: Pro/Enterprise. Cross-subdomain cookies impossible on *.netlify.app (Public Suffix List) — needs a custom domain.
• Global only; per-branch via the build-command copy workaround.

Secrets Controller

Mark a var secret via --secret (CLI), is_secret: true (API), or the UI. Enforced, non-customizable policy:

• Values are write-only — no readable version after setting; the flag can't be removed to reveal a value.
• Must be set to explicit deploy contexts and scopes; cannot have the post processing scope.
• Only code on Netlify reads unmasked values; outside code gets masked. The dev context value is unmasked and exempt.
• Secret scanning (smart detection: Personal/Pro/Enterprise) runs on the next build after marking a var secret. Resolve a detection by removing the value at the location in the deploy log, then redeploy. Safelist false positives via SECRETS_SCAN_SMART_DETECTION_OMIT_VALUES (comma-separated), then redeploy.

Sensitive variable policy (public repos only): untrusted deploys (unrecognized authors) default to Require approval; alternatives are Deploy without sensitive variables or Deploy without restrictions. Not available for GitHub Enterprise Server / GitLab self-managed (treated as private).

Ignore builds

[build]
  ignore = "git diff --quiet $CACHED_COMMIT_REF $COMMIT_REF packages/blog"

• Exit 0 = no changes, build stops; exit 1 = changed, build continues.
• Runs from base directory; uses fixed Node.js 18 (not customizable); site package.json deps unavailable. Referenced file paths must start with ./.
• Won't cancel a build triggered by a build hook, regardless of exit code.

Node.js variant:

// ignore_build.js — build only non-debug branches
process.exitCode = process.env.BRANCH.includes("debug") ? 0 : 1

JavaScript SPAs

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "dist"        # varies by framework
[[redirects]]
  from = "/*"
  to = "/index.html"
  status = 200            # required for pushState routing to avoid 404s

Hashed/code-split filenames + atomic deploys can break asset refs (Uncaught SyntaxError: Unexpected token) — disable hashed filenames, use permalinks, or a service worker.

Monorepos

Recommended: set the site's subdirectory as the package directory (keep netlify.toml there), leave base directory at repo root /, declare deps at the subdirectory level.

• Package directory is UI-only (Build settings > Configure) — it cannot be set in netlify.toml. Base directory can be set in root-level netlify.toml ([build] base) and overrides the UI.
• Use absolute paths relative to base: base /frontend + plugin at /frontend/packages/my-app/plugins → specify /packages/my-app/plugins/....
• Build only on subdirectory changes with an ignore command. CLI: --filter <site>. Netlify caches all node_modules regardless of where deps are declared.

Plugins, extensions, dev, templates

[[plugins]]
  package = "@netlify/plugin-lighthouse"
  [plugins.inputs]
    breeds = ["pomeranian"]

[[integrations]]           # extensions; install on team first
  name = "abc-performance-extension"
  [integrations.config]
    output_path = "reports/perf.html"

[dev]                      # Netlify Dev — NOT run in Bash; no `environment` key here
  command = "yarn start"
  targetPort = 3000        # if command + targetPort both set, framework must be "#custom"
  port = 8888
  publish = "dist"
  [dev.https]
    certFile = "cert.pem"
    keyFile = "key.pem"

[dev] has no environment property — set local env vars in [context.dev.environment] instead. framework values: #auto (default), #static, #custom.

For Deploy-to-Netlify buttons use [template] / [template.environment].

Post-processing pretty URLs:

[build.processing.html]
  pretty_urls = true

Netlify house rules (config)

These are org conventions, not docs facts — merged into the rendered skill by ctx-gen and never generated. Owned by the skills maintainer.

1. Env vars set in netlify.toml are NOT available to functions or edge functions at runtime — reading them there returns undefined. Set runtime vars in the UI or with netlify env:set, not netlify.toml.
2. Never put secrets in client-prefixed env vars (VITE_, NEXT_PUBLIC_, PUBLIC_, ...) — they are inlined into the client bundle; --secret does not protect them.
3. When snapshotting env vars locally (netlify env:list --plain > .env), keep .env gitignored — never commit it.
4. State env-var scope interaction explicitly: a site variable scoped to Builds does not shadow the shared variable for other scopes — precedence resolves independently per scope (site beats shared only within the scopes the site variable actually carries).