Code Summarizer

Say what the code is for, not what it says. "Iterates over the list and appends items where status is active" is a translation, not a summary. "Returns only the invoices that are eligible for payment" is a summary.

Step 1 — Set the abstraction level from the scope

The answer to "what does this do" changes with how much code "this" covers. Decide up front:

If the user doesn't specify scope, infer from what they pasted: 10 lines → function-level; 500 lines → module-level; a directory path → package-level.

Step 2 — Read for signals, not linearly

You don't read a 300-line function top-to-bottom to summarize it. You scan for high-information locations:

1. Name and signature. If well-named, you're 60% done. If the name is process or handle, skip to step 2.
2. Return statements. What the function produces is usually what it's for. Multiple returns → multiple cases worth noting.
3. Exceptions thrown. Part of the contract. A reader who doesn't know about them will be surprised.
4. Side effects. Writes outside local scope: DB queries, file I/O, HTTP calls, logging, cache ops, global mutations, message publishes. These are often the real purpose.
5. Callers. If the purpose is unclear from the body, look at 2–3 callsites — how it's used tells you what it's for.
6. Tests. Test names encode intent: test_rejects_expired_token tells you more about the function's purpose than its body does.

Step 3 — Name the purpose in one sentence

Before writing anything else, complete: "This exists so that ___." If you can't, you don't understand it yet — go back to Step 2.

Good patterns:

• Transforms X into Y — "Turns raw webhook payloads into normalized Order events."
• Decides X — "Determines whether a user qualifies for the free tier."
• Enforces X — "Ensures no request reaches the handler without a valid session."
• Coordinates X — "Runs the nightly export: pull → transform → upload → notify."

Bad patterns (translation, not summary):

• "Loops through items and checks conditions" — which conditions? why?
• "Helper function for X" — helps X do what?
• "Handles the data" — every function handles data

Step 4 — Add what the reader needs and the code doesn't say

After the purpose sentence, add only things that are true, not obvious from the signature, and would change how a caller uses it:

• Side effects. "Writes to the audit_log table on every call." Always worth stating — they're invisible from the signature.
• Error behavior. "Throws QuotaExceededError rather than returning null" — if there's a choice a reasonable person might get wrong.
• Preconditions that aren't type-enforced. "Assumes items is already sorted by timestamp."
• Cost warnings. "Makes one HTTP call per item — do not call in a tight loop."
• Asymmetries. "Idempotent for inserts, not for updates."

Leave out what the types already say, what any function in this language does (e.g., "returns a value"), and any uncertainty you'd be guessing at.

Function-level template

<One-sentence purpose, active voice.>

<Side effects, if any. Be specific.>
<Error behavior, if non-obvious.>
<Preconditions or cost warnings, if any.>

Example. For:

def reconcile(ledger, bank_txns):
    matched, unmatched = [], []
    for txn in bank_txns:
        entry = ledger.find(amount=txn.amount, date_within=timedelta(days=3))
        if entry and not entry.reconciled:
            entry.reconciled = True
            matched.append((entry, txn))
        else:
            unmatched.append(txn)
    ledger.save()
    return matched, unmatched

Bad (translates): "Iterates over bank transactions, calls ledger.find for each, checks if reconciled, appends to matched or unmatched lists, then saves the ledger."

Good (summarizes): "Matches bank transactions against ledger entries by amount within a 3-day window, marking each matched entry as reconciled. Persists the ledger. Returns (matched pairs, unmatched transactions). A transaction with no same-amount entry in the window, or whose entry is already reconciled, lands in unmatched."

The good version lets a caller predict behavior without reading the body. The bad version just makes them read the body slower.

Class-level: responsibility, not inventory

Don't list every method. Answer: what is this class responsible for, and what does it deliberately leave to others?

RateLimiter

Tracks request counts per client and decides whether to admit or reject
the next request. Uses a sliding window — a client at the limit is
rejected until its oldest counted request ages out, not until a fixed
interval elapses.

State is in-memory only. Does not persist across restarts; does not
coordinate across instances. For distributed limiting, wrap a shared
store.

Thread-safe (internal lock). Not async-safe — do not `await` while
holding a reference to a window.

Note: "what it doesn't do" (persist, coordinate) is as valuable as what it does.

Module-level: the boundary, not the contents

At module scope, the reader is deciding whether to open this file. Tell them what crosses the boundary:

payments/stripe_adapter.py

Isolates all Stripe SDK usage behind four operations: charge, refund,
subscribe, cancel. The rest of the codebase speaks in our `Payment` and
`Subscription` types and never imports `stripe` directly.

Incoming: our domain types + tenant config (API key per tenant).
Outgoing: Stripe HTTP; audit log; `payment.completed` event on the bus.

Stripe errors are caught here and re-raised as our `PaymentError`
hierarchy — callers never see raw Stripe exceptions. Retries transient
failures (5xx, rate limits) internally with backoff.

Edge cases

• Code you can't figure out: Say so. "Purpose unclear — no callers found, no tests, name is generic. Appears to transform X→Y but the 'why' isn't evident from the code." This is more useful than a confident wrong answer.
• Code that does two unrelated things: Don't force a single purpose sentence. "Does two things: (a) validates the schema, (b) logs metrics. Consider splitting." The summary can surface the design problem.
• Generated code (protobuf stubs, ORM models, parser output): Don't summarize the generated body. Summarize the schema or grammar it came from — one sentence, then point at the source.
• Dead code: Summarize normally, then flag: "No callers found — possibly dead. Verify before relying on this summary."
• Function whose behavior depends on a global / config flag: Describe each mode: "In strict mode, rejects unknown fields; in lenient mode, ignores them. Mode is read from config.VALIDATION_MODE at call time."

Do not

• Don't narrate control flow. "First it checks X, then if Y it does Z" is reading aloud, not summarizing. The reader could do that themselves.
• Don't lie about what you can't see. If the summary depends on a function whose body you haven't read, say "delegates to foo() — behavior depends on that."
• Don't pad to hit a length. A one-line function gets a one-line summary. Longer isn't more thorough, it's noisier.
• Don't drop the domain vocabulary. If the code says invoice, say invoice — don't genericize to "the object" or "the record."
• Don't editorialize in a summary. "This should really use a factory pattern" belongs in a review, not a summary. The summary is what it does; judgment is a separate product.