Module-Level Code Translator

Single-function translation (→ code-translation) is clean. Module translation is messy: imports, circular deps, visibility, file boundaries, and the build system all get involved. This is about the glue.

Module concerns that function-level misses

Step 1 — Build the module dependency graph

Before translating anything, map out what depends on what within the module:

util.py ──────────┐
     │              ▼
     └──────► parser.py ──► api.py
                   ▲            │
  config.py ───────┘            │
                                ▼
                           __init__.py (re-exports)

This tells you:

• Translation order: leaves first (util, config), then dependents.
• Circular deps: if parser imports api and vice versa — break the cycle first, it won't compile in Go/Rust.
• Public surface: what __init__.py exports is your API contract. Everything else can be restructured freely.

Step 2 — Decide the target file layout

Don't mirror the source layout blindly — match the target language's conventions:

In Go: everything in one directory is one package. Your five Python files might become five .go files — but they all share one namespace. No import between them.

In Java: one public class per file is enforced. Multi-class Python files split.

Step 3 — Translate leaves first

Walk the dep graph bottom-up. For each file:

1. Translate functions per → code-translation.
2. Translate module-level constants, state, initialization.
3. Fix up imports to point at already-translated siblings.
4. Compile/run it. Don't move on until this file builds. Errors compound.

Step 4 — Verify at the seams

Function-level tests pass. Now test cross-function behavior:

• A calls B, B returns something A uses — does the type/shape still match?
• Module-level init order — Python runs module bodies at import. Java runs static initializers at class load. Go runs init(). Different timing.
• Error propagation across function boundaries — if B now returns error instead of raising, every A-calls-B site changed.

→ test-guided-migration-assistant if you have tests for the original: they become the oracle.

Worked example — Python package → Go

Source structure:

retry/
  __init__.py    # from .policy import *; from .backoff import exponential
  policy.py      # class RetryPolicy; uses backoff
  backoff.py     # def exponential(n), def linear(n)

Dep graph: backoff (leaf) ← policy ← __init__.

Target Go layout:

retry/
  backoff.go     # Exponential(n), linear(n)   — linear unexported
  policy.go      # RetryPolicy struct + methods
  retry.go       # package doc comment — no re-exports needed (one package)

All three files are package retry. No imports between them — they share a namespace. linear becomes lowercase linear (was only used by policy, not in __init__'s public exports). exponential → Exponential (exported).

Gotcha found during translation: RetryPolicy.__init__ takes backoff=exponential — a function default arg. Go has no default args. Options: zero-value meaning "use exponential," or functional options pattern. Chose zero-value — simpler, matches RetryPolicy{} idiom.

Do not

• Do not translate file-by-file in source order. Translate in dep order — leaves first.
• Do not preserve circular imports. They're a design smell in Python and a hard error in most targets. Break them (extract a third module, invert a dependency) before translating.
• Do not blindly mirror the source's public surface. _foo in Python is convention; in Go, lowercase is enforced. Decide what's actually API.
• Do not skip building after each file. Module translations fail at integration, not inside functions. Catch it early.

Output format

## Source → target
<src lang/version> → <target lang/version>

## Dependency graph
<ascii or list — who imports whom>

## File layout mapping
| Source file | Target file(s) | Notes |
| ----------- | -------------- | ----- |

## Public API (preserved)
<what callers see — unchanged>

## Internal restructuring
<what moved/renamed internally, and why>

## Per-file translation
### <file>
<code>
Deltas: <semantic notes>

## Integration checklist
- [ ] Builds
- [ ] Cross-function tests pass
- [ ] Init order verified