Utilities and Helpers

public class Select implements ISelect, WrapsElement {
    /**
     * Create Select helper for HTML select element
     * @throws UnexpectedTagNameException if element is not a SELECT tag
     */
    public Select(WebElement element);
    
    /**
     * Get the wrapped select element
     */
    public WebElement getWrappedElement();
    
    /**
     * Check if this select element supports multiple selections
     */
    public boolean isMultiple();
    
    /**
     * Get all option elements in the select
     */
    public List<WebElement> getOptions();
    
    /**
     * Get all currently selected options
     */
    public List<WebElement> getAllSelectedOptions();
    
    /**
     * Get the first selected option (or only selected option for single-select)
     */
    public WebElement getFirstSelectedOption();
    
    /**
     * Select option by visible text
     */
    public void selectByVisibleText(String text);
    
    /**
     * Select option by index (0-based)
     */
    public void selectByIndex(int index);
    
    /**
     * Select option by value attribute
     */
    public void selectByValue(String value);
    
    /**
     * Deselect all options (multi-select only)
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if not multi-select
     */
    public void deselectAll();
    
    /**
     * Deselect option by value (multi-select only)
     */
    public void deselectByValue(String value);
    
    /**
     * Deselect option by index (multi-select only)
     */
    public void deselectByIndex(int index);
    
    /**
     * Deselect option by visible text (multi-select only)
     */
    public void deselectByVisibleText(String text);
}

public interface ISelect {
    boolean isMultiple();
    List<WebElement> getOptions();
    List<WebElement> getAllSelectedOptions();
    WebElement getFirstSelectedOption();
    void selectByVisibleText(String text);
    void selectByIndex(int index);
    void selectByValue(String value);
    void deselectAll();
    void deselectByValue(String value);
    void deselectByIndex(int index);
    void deselectByVisibleText(String text);
}

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

// Find select element and create Select helper
WebElement selectElement = driver.findElement(By.id("country"));
Select select = new Select(selectElement);

// Check if multiple selection is supported
if (select.isMultiple()) {
    System.out.println("Multi-select dropdown");
} else {
    System.out.println("Single-select dropdown");
}

// Select by visible text
select.selectByVisibleText("United States");

// Select by value attribute
select.selectByValue("US");

// Select by index (0-based)
select.selectByIndex(2);

// Get all options
List<WebElement> options = select.getOptions();
for (WebElement option : options) {
    System.out.println("Option: " + option.getText() + 
                      " (value=" + option.getAttribute("value") + ")");
}

// Get selected options
List<WebElement> selected = select.getAllSelectedOptions();
System.out.println("Selected options count: " + selected.size());

// For multi-select dropdowns
if (select.isMultiple()) {
    // Select multiple options
    select.selectByVisibleText("Option 1");
    select.selectByVisibleText("Option 2");
    
    // Deselect specific options
    select.deselectByVisibleText("Option 1");
    
    // Deselect all options
    select.deselectAll();
}

public class ThreadGuard {
    /**
     * Wraps a WebDriver instance with thread-safety protection
     * @param actualWebDriver The WebDriver to protect
     * @return Protected WebDriver proxy that throws exception on cross-thread access  
     */
    public static WebDriver protect(WebDriver actualWebDriver);
}

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ThreadGuard;

// Protect WebDriver instance for multithreaded usage
WebDriver driver = ThreadGuard.protect(new ChromeDriver());

// This will work fine from the same thread
driver.get("https://example.com");

// Attempting to use from different thread will throw WebDriverException
// "Thread safety error; this instance of WebDriver was constructed on thread..."

public abstract class LoadableComponent<T extends LoadableComponent<T>> {
    /**
     * Ensure that the component is currently loaded
     * @return The component instance
     * @throws Error when the component cannot be loaded
     */
    public T get();
    
    /**
     * Override to check if the component is loaded
     * @throws Error if not loaded
     */
    protected abstract void isLoaded() throws Error;
    
    /**
     * Override to perform loading actions
     */
    protected abstract void load();
}

public abstract class SlowLoadableComponent<T extends LoadableComponent<T>> 
    extends LoadableComponent<T> {
    /**
     * Create component with timeout for loading
     * @param clock Clock for timing
     * @param timeOutInSeconds Maximum time to wait for loading
     */
    public SlowLoadableComponent(Clock clock, int timeOutInSeconds);
    
    /**
     * Get component, waiting up to timeout for it to load
     */
    @Override
    public T get();
}

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.LoadableComponent;

public class LoginPage extends LoadableComponent<LoginPage> {
    private WebDriver driver;
    
    public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void load() {
        driver.get("/login");
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void isLoaded() throws Error {
        if (!driver.getCurrentUrl().contains("/login")) {
            throw new Error("Login page not loaded");
        }
    }
    
    public void login(String user, String pass) {
        // Will automatically load if not already loaded
        get();
        // ... login logic
    }
}

public class Color {
    /**
     * Create Color with RGB values and alpha
     * @param red Red component (0-255)
     * @param green Green component (0-255)
     * @param blue Blue component (0-255)
     * @param alpha Alpha channel (0.0-1.0)
     */
    public Color(int red, int green, int blue, double alpha);
    
    /**
     * Parse color from string in various formats:
     * - Hex: #ffffff, #fff
     * - RGB: rgb(255, 255, 255)
     * - RGBA: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1.0)
     * - HSL: hsl(0, 100%, 50%)
     * - Named colors: red, blue, etc.
     */
    public static Color fromString(String value);
    
    /**
     * Set opacity/alpha channel
     */
    public void setOpacity(double alpha);
    
    /**
     * Convert to CSS rgb() format
     */
    public String asRgb();
    
    /**
     * Convert to CSS rgba() format
     */
    public String asRgba();
    
    /**
     * Convert to hex format (#rrggbb)
     */
    public String asHex();
    
    /**
     * Convert to Java AWT Color
     */
    public java.awt.Color getColor();
    
    public String toString();
    public boolean equals(Object other);
    public int hashCode();
}

public enum Colors {
    TRANSPARENT, ALICEBLUE, ANTIQUEWHITE, AQUA, AQUAMARINE, AZURE, BEIGE, 
    BISQUE, BLACK, BLANCHEDALMOND, BLUE, BLUEVIOLET, BROWN, BURLYWOOD, 
    CADETBLUE, CHARTREUSE, CHOCOLATE, CORAL, CORNFLOWERBLUE, CORNSILK, 
    CRIMSON, CYAN, DARKBLUE, DARKCYAN, DARKGOLDENROD, DARKGRAY, DARKGREEN, 
    DARKGREY, DARKKHAKI, DARKMAGENTA, DARKOLIVEGREEN, DARKORANGE, DARKORCHID, 
    DARKRED, DARKSALMON, DARKSEAGREEN, DARKSLATEBLUE, DARKSLATEGRAY, 
    DARKSLATEGREY, DARKTURQUOISE, DARKVIOLET, DEEPPINK, DEEPSKYBLUE, 
    DIMGRAY, DIMGREY, DODGERBLUE, FIREBRICK, FLORALWHITE, FORESTGREEN, 
    FUCHSIA, GAINSBORO, GHOSTWHITE, GOLD, GOLDENROD, GRAY, GREY, GREEN, 
    GREENYELLOW, HONEYDEW, HOTPINK, INDIANRED, INDIGO, IVORY, KHAKI, 
    LAVENDER, LAVENDERBLUSH, LAWNGREEN, LEMONCHIFFON, LIGHTBLUE, LIGHTCORAL, 
    LIGHTCYAN, LIGHTGOLDENRODYELLOW, LIGHTGRAY, LIGHTGREEN, LIGHTGREY, 
    LIGHTPINK, LIGHTSALMON, LIGHTSEAGREEN, LIGHTSKYBLUE, LIGHTSLATEGRAY, 
    LIGHTSLATEGREY, LIGHTSTEELBLUE, LIGHTYELLOW, LIME, LIMEGREEN, LINEN, 
    MAGENTA, MAROON, MEDIUMAQUAMARINE, MEDIUMBLUE, MEDIUMORCHID, MEDIUMPURPLE, 
    MEDIUMSEAGREEN, MEDIUMSLATEBLUE, MEDIUMSPRINGGREEN, MEDIUMTURQUOISE, 
    MEDIUMVIOLETRED, MIDNIGHTBLUE, MINTCREAM, MISTYROSE, MOCCASIN, 
    NAVAJOWHITE, NAVY, OLDLACE, OLIVE, OLIVEDRAB, ORANGE, ORANGERED, 
    ORCHID, PALEGOLDENROD, PALEGREEN, PALETURQUOISE, PALEVIOLETRED, 
    PAPAYAWHIP, PEACHPUFF, PERU, PINK, PLUM, POWDERBLUE, PURPLE, 
    REBECCAPURPLE, RED, ROSYBROWN, ROYALBLUE, SADDLEBROWN, SALMON, 
    SANDYBROWN, SEAGREEN, SEASHELL, SIENNA, SILVER, SKYBLUE, SLATEBLUE, 
    SLATEGRAY, SLATEGREY, SNOW, SPRINGGREEN, STEELBLUE, TAN, TEAL, 
    THISTLE, TOMATO, TURQUOISE, VIOLET, WHEAT, WHITE, WHITESMOKE, 
    YELLOW, YELLOWGREEN;
    
    /**
     * Get Color instance for this color constant
     */
    public Color getColorValue();
}

import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Colors;

// Parse colors from various formats
Color color1 = Color.fromString("#ff0000");           // Hex
Color color2 = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 0, 0)");   // RGB
Color color3 = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)"); // RGBA
Color color4 = Color.fromString("red");               // Named color

// Create color programmatically
Color customColor = new Color(255, 128, 0, 1.0); // Orange

// Convert between formats
String hex = customColor.asHex();        // #ff8000
String rgb = customColor.asRgb();        // rgb(255, 128, 0)
String rgba = customColor.asRgba();      // rgba(255, 128, 0, 1)

// Use predefined color constants
Color blue = Colors.BLUE.getColorValue();
Color transparent = Colors.TRANSPARENT.getColorValue();

// Validate element colors
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("coloredElement"));
String elementColor = element.getCssValue("background-color");
Color actualColor = Color.fromString(elementColor);
Color expectedColor = Colors.RED.getColorValue();

if (actualColor.equals(expectedColor)) {
    System.out.println("Element has correct color");
}

// Work with transparency
Color semiTransparent = new Color(255, 0, 0, 0.5);
semiTransparent.setOpacity(0.8); // Change alpha to 0.8

public class ThreadGuard {
    /**
     * Wrap WebDriver with thread safety protection
     * Ensures WebDriver instance is only used from the thread that created it
     */
    public static WebDriver protect(WebDriver actualWebDriver);
}

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ThreadGuard;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

// Create WebDriver and protect it with ThreadGuard
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
WebDriver protectedDriver = ThreadGuard.protect(driver);

// This will work fine (same thread)
protectedDriver.get("https://example.com");

// This would throw an exception if called from different thread
// because WebDriver instances are not thread-safe
new Thread(() -> {
    try {
        protectedDriver.get("https://another-url.com"); // Will throw exception
    } catch (Exception e) {
        System.err.println("Thread safety violation: " + e.getMessage());
    }
}).start();

public class ByIdOrName extends By {
    /**
     * Locator that searches by id first, then by name if id not found
     */
    public ByIdOrName(String idOrName);
    
    public WebElement findElement(SearchContext context);
    public List<WebElement> findElements(SearchContext context);
    public String toString();
}

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ByIdOrName;

// Create locator that tries id first, then name
By locator = new ByIdOrName("username");

// This will find element with id="username" or name="username"
WebElement element = driver.findElement(locator);

// Useful for forms where fields might have either id or name attributes
WebElement emailField = driver.findElement(new ByIdOrName("email"));
WebElement passwordField = driver.findElement(new ByIdOrName("password"));

public class Quotes {
    /**
     * Escape quotes in strings for safe use in XPath expressions
     * Handles both single and double quotes by creating concat() expressions
     */
    public static String escape(String toEscape);
}

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Quotes;

// Escape text for XPath usage
String problematicText = "It's a \"quoted\" string";
String escaped = Quotes.escape(problematicText);

// Use in XPath expression
String xpath = "//div[text()=" + escaped + "]";
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath(xpath));

// Example with form validation message containing quotes
String errorMessage = "Please enter a valid \"email address\"";
String escapedMessage = Quotes.escape(errorMessage);
By errorLocator = By.xpath("//span[@class='error' and text()=" + escapedMessage + "]");

public abstract class LoadableComponent<T> {
    /**
     * Ensure the component is loaded, loading it if necessary
     */
    public T get();
    
    /**
     * Load the component (implement page navigation/setup)
     */
    protected abstract void load();
    
    /**
     * Check if component is loaded (implement verification logic)
     * @throws Error if component is not in expected state
     */
    protected abstract void isLoaded() throws Error;
}

public abstract class SlowLoadableComponent<T> extends LoadableComponent<T> {
    /**
     * Loadable component that waits for loading with timeout
     */
    public SlowLoadableComponent(Clock clock, int timeOutInSeconds);
    
    public T get();
    
    /**
     * Check for error conditions during loading
     */
    protected void isError() throws Error;
    
    /**
     * Sleep duration between load checks
     */
    protected long sleepFor();
}

public class HomePage extends LoadableComponent<HomePage> {
    private final WebDriver driver;
    private final String url;
    
    public HomePage(WebDriver driver, String url) {
        this.driver = driver;
        this.url = url;
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void load() {
        driver.get(url);
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void isLoaded() throws Error {
        String currentUrl = driver.getCurrentUrl();
        if (!currentUrl.contains("home")) {
            throw new Error("Not on home page. Current URL: " + currentUrl);
        }
        
        // Check that key elements are present
        try {
            driver.findElement(By.id("main-navigation"));
            driver.findElement(By.className("welcome-message"));
        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
            throw new Error("Home page not fully loaded: " + e.getMessage());
        }
    }
    
    // Page-specific methods
    public void clickMenuItem(String menuText) {
        WebElement menuItem = driver.findElement(
            By.xpath("//nav[@id='main-navigation']//a[text()='" + menuText + "']")
        );
        menuItem.click();
    }
}

// Usage
HomePage homePage = new HomePage(driver, "https://example.com/home");
homePage.get(); // Will load page if not already loaded and verify state
homePage.clickMenuItem("Products");

public class DashboardPage extends SlowLoadableComponent<DashboardPage> {
    private final WebDriver driver;
    
    public DashboardPage(WebDriver driver) {
        super(Clock.systemDefaultZone(), 30); // 30 second timeout
        this.driver = driver;
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void load() {
        driver.get("/dashboard");
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void isLoaded() throws Error {
        // Check URL
        if (!driver.getCurrentUrl().contains("dashboard")) {
            throw new Error("Not on dashboard page");
        }
        
        // Check that dashboard content is loaded (AJAX content)
        try {
            WebElement dashboardContent = driver.findElement(By.id("dashboard-content"));
            if (!dashboardContent.isDisplayed()) {
                throw new Error("Dashboard content not visible");
            }
            
            // Verify data has loaded
            List<WebElement> dataItems = driver.findElements(By.className("data-item"));
            if (dataItems.isEmpty()) {
                throw new Error("Dashboard data not loaded");
            }
        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {
            throw new Error("Dashboard elements not found");
        }
    }
    
    @Override
    protected void isError() throws Error {
        // Check for error messages
        List<WebElement> errors = driver.findElements(By.className("error-message"));
        if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
            throw new Error("Error loading dashboard: " + errors.get(0).getText());
        }
    }
    
    @Override
    protected long sleepFor() {
        return 1000; // Check every second
    }
}

public class UnexpectedTagNameException extends WebDriverException {
    /**
     * Exception thrown when an element has an unexpected tag name
     */
    public UnexpectedTagNameException(String expectedTagName, String actualTagName);
}

// This is typically thrown by Select class constructor
try {
    WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("not-a-select"));
    Select select = new Select(element); // May throw UnexpectedTagNameException
} catch (UnexpectedTagNameException e) {
    System.err.println("Element is not a SELECT tag: " + e.getMessage());
}