DOM Selection and Manipulation

/**
 * Select the first element matching the selector
 * @param selector - CSS selector string
 * @returns Selection containing the matched element
 */
function select(selector: string): Selection<HTMLElement, any, HTMLElement, any>;
function select(node: Element): Selection<HTMLElement, any, null, undefined>;

/**
 * Select all elements matching the selector
 * @param selector - CSS selector string  
 * @returns Selection containing all matched elements
 */
function selectAll(selector: string): Selection<HTMLElement, any, HTMLElement, any>;
function selectAll(nodes: ArrayLike<Element>): Selection<HTMLElement, any, null, undefined>;

/**
 * Select the root document element
 * @returns Selection containing the document element
 */
function selection(): Selection<HTMLElement, any, null, undefined>;

import { select, selectAll } from "d3";

// Select single element
const svg = select("svg");
const bodyElement = select("body");

// Select multiple elements
const allParagraphs = selectAll("p");
const allCircles = selectAll("circle");

// Select by node reference
const element = document.getElementById("chart");
const selection = select(element);

interface Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum> {
  /**
   * Select descendant elements for each element in the selection
   * @param selector - CSS selector or function
   * @returns New selection of descendant elements
   */
  select(selector: string | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => Element)): Selection<Element, Datum, GElement, Datum>;
  
  /**
   * Select all descendant elements for each element in the selection
   * @param selector - CSS selector or function
   * @returns New selection of all descendant elements
   */
  selectAll<ChildElement extends BaseType, ChildDatum>(
    selector: string | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => ChildElement[] | ArrayLike<ChildElement>)
  ): Selection<ChildElement, ChildDatum, GElement, Datum>;
  
  /**
   * Filter elements based on data or selector
   * @param filter - CSS selector, function, or data predicate
   * @returns Filtered selection
   */
  filter(filter: string | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => boolean)): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Merge this selection with another selection
   * @param other - Another selection to merge with
   * @returns Combined selection
   */
  merge(other: Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Select the first child element for each element
   * @param selector - Optional CSS selector to filter children
   * @returns Selection of first child elements
   */
  selectChild(selector?: string): Selection<Element, Datum, GElement, Datum>;
  
  /**
   * Select all child elements for each element
   * @param selector - Optional CSS selector to filter children  
   * @returns Selection of all child elements
   */
  selectChildren(selector?: string): Selection<Element, Datum, GElement, Datum>;
}

interface Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum> {
  /**
   * Get or set element attributes
   * @param name - Attribute name
   * @param value - Attribute value or function returning value
   * @returns Selection for chaining or attribute value
   */
  attr(name: string): string;
  attr(name: string, value: Primitive | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => Primitive)): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Get or set CSS classes
   * @param names - Class names (space-separated)
   * @param value - Boolean value or function returning boolean
   * @returns Selection for chaining or boolean indicating presence
   */
  classed(names: string): boolean;
  classed(names: string, value: boolean | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => boolean)): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Get or set CSS style properties
   * @param name - Style property name
   * @param value - Style value or function returning value
   * @param priority - CSS priority (e.g., "important")
   * @returns Selection for chaining or style value
   */
  style(name: string): string;
  style(name: string, value: Primitive | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => Primitive), priority?: string): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Get or set element properties (like .value, .checked)
   * @param name - Property name
   * @param value - Property value or function returning value
   * @returns Selection for chaining or property value
   */
  property(name: string): any;
  property(name: string, value: any | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => any)): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Get or set text content
   * @param value - Text value or function returning text
   * @returns Selection for chaining or text content
   */
  text(): string;
  text(value: Primitive | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => Primitive)): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Get or set inner HTML
   * @param value - HTML string or function returning HTML
   * @returns Selection for chaining or HTML content
   */
  html(): string;
  html(value: string | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => string)): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
}

interface Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum> {
  /**
   * Create, append and select new elements
   * @param type - Element tag name or function returning element
   * @returns Selection of newly created elements
   */
  append<K extends keyof ElementTagNameMap>(type: K): Selection<ElementTagNameMap[K], Datum, GElement, Datum>;
  append(type: string | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => Element)): Selection<Element, Datum, GElement, Datum>;
  
  /**
   * Create, insert and select new elements before existing elements
   * @param type - Element tag name or function returning element
   * @param before - CSS selector or function indicating where to insert
   * @returns Selection of newly created elements
   */
  insert<K extends keyof ElementTagNameMap>(type: K, before?: string): Selection<ElementTagNameMap[K], Datum, GElement, Datum>;
  insert(type: string | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => Element), before?: string): Selection<Element, Datum, GElement, Datum>;
  
  /**
   * Remove elements from the DOM
   * @returns Selection of removed elements
   */
  remove(): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Insert clones of selected elements
   * @param deep - Whether to perform deep clone
   * @returns Selection of cloned elements  
   */
  clone(deep?: boolean): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
}

/**
 * Create a detached element (not yet added to DOM)
 * @param name - Element tag name
 * @returns Selection containing the detached element
 */
function create<K extends keyof ElementTagNameMap>(name: K): Selection<ElementTagNameMap[K], undefined, null, undefined>;
function create(name: string): Selection<Element, undefined, null, undefined>;

interface Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum> {
  /**
   * Bind data to elements, creating enter/update/exit selections
   * @param data - Array of data or function returning array
   * @param key - Optional key function for object constancy
   * @returns Update selection with enter() and exit() methods
   */
  data<NewDatum>(data: NewDatum[] | ((datum: PDatum, index: number, groups: PElement[]) => NewDatum[]), key?: (datum: NewDatum | Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[] | NewDatum[]) => string): Selection<GElement, NewDatum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Convenient shorthand for enter().append() and exit().remove()
   * @param enter - Tag name or function for entering elements
   * @param update - Optional function for updating elements  
   * @param exit - Optional function for exiting elements
   * @returns Merged enter and update selection
   */
  join<K extends keyof ElementTagNameMap>(
    enter: K | ((enterSelection: Selection<EnterElement, Datum, GElement, PDatum>) => Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>),
    update?: (updateSelection: Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>) => Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>,
    exit?: (exitSelection: Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>) => void
  ): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Return the enter selection (data with no corresponding elements)  
   * @returns Enter selection for creating new elements
   */
  enter(): Selection<EnterElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Return the exit selection (elements with no corresponding data)
   * @returns Exit selection for removing old elements
   */
  exit<OldDatum>(): Selection<GElement, OldDatum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Get or set bound data for elements without joining
   * @param value - Data value or function returning data
   * @returns Selection for chaining or bound data
   */
  datum(): Datum;
  datum<NewDatum>(value: NewDatum | ((datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => NewDatum)): Selection<GElement, NewDatum, PElement, PDatum>;
}

import { select } from "d3";

// Basic data binding
const data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

select("svg")
  .selectAll("circle")
  .data(data)
  .join("circle")
  .attr("cx", (d, i) => i * 50 + 25)
  .attr("cy", 50)
  .attr("r", d => d / 2)
  .attr("fill", "steelblue");

// Data binding with key function for object constancy
const people = [
  { id: 1, name: "Alice", age: 25 },
  { id: 2, name: "Bob", age: 30 },
  { id: 3, name: "Charlie", age: 35 }
];

select("#people")
  .selectAll(".person")
  .data(people, d => d.id) // Key function
  .join("div")
  .classed("person", true)
  .text(d => `${d.name} (${d.age})`);

interface Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum> {
  /**
   * Add or remove event listeners
   * @param typenames - Event type names (space-separated)
   * @param listener - Event listener function or null to remove
   * @param options - Event listener options
   * @returns Selection for chaining
   */
  on(typenames: string): Function;
  on(typenames: string, listener: null): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  on(typenames: string, listener: (event: Event, datum: Datum) => void, options?: any): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Dispatch a custom event
   * @param type - Event type name
   * @param parameters - Optional event parameters
   * @returns Selection for chaining
   */
  dispatch(type: string, parameters?: any): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
}

/**
 * Get the current pointer position relative to the specified node
 * @param event - Mouse or touch event
 * @param target - Target element (defaults to event.currentTarget)
 * @returns [x, y] coordinates  
 */
function pointer(event: Event, target?: Element): [number, number];

/**
 * Get positions of all pointers (for multi-touch)
 * @param event - Touch event
 * @param target - Target element
 * @returns Array of [x, y] coordinate pairs
 */
function pointers(event: Event, target?: Element): Array<[number, number]>;

interface Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum> {
  /**
   * Call a function for each element in the selection
   * @param func - Function to call for each element
   * @returns Selection for chaining
   */
  each(func: (datum: Datum, index: number, groups: GElement[]) => void): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Call a function with this selection as the first argument
   * @param func - Function to call with selection
   * @param args - Additional arguments to pass
   * @returns Selection for chaining  
   */
  call(func: (selection: Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>, ...args: any[]) => void, ...args: any[]): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Returns true if the selection is empty
   * @returns Boolean indicating if selection is empty
   */
  empty(): boolean;
  
  /**
   * Returns array of all selected elements
   * @returns Array of DOM elements
   */
  nodes(): GElement[];
  
  /**
   * Returns the first non-null element in the selection
   * @returns First DOM element or null
   */
  node(): GElement | null;
  
  /**
   * Returns the number of elements in the selection
   * @returns Count of selected elements
   */
  size(): number;
  
  /**
   * Sort elements in the document based on data
   * @param comparator - Comparison function
   * @returns Selection for chaining
   */
  sort(comparator?: (a: Datum, b: Datum) => number): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Re-order elements in document to match selection order
   * @returns Selection for chaining
   */
  order(): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Move each element to be the last child of its parent
   * @returns Selection for chaining
   */
  raise(): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
  
  /**
   * Move each element to be the first child of its parent  
   * @returns Selection for chaining
   */
  lower(): Selection<GElement, Datum, PElement, PDatum>;
}

// Core selection types
type BaseType = Element | EnterElement | Document | Window | null;

interface EnterElement {
  ownerDocument: Document;
  namespaceURI: string;
  appendChild(newChild: Node): Node;
  insertBefore(newChild: Node, refChild: Node): Node;
  querySelector(selectors: string): Element | null;
  querySelectorAll(selectors: string): NodeListOf<Element>;
}

type Primitive = string | number | boolean | null | undefined;

interface Selection<GElement extends BaseType, 
                   Datum, 
                   PElement extends BaseType, 
                   PDatum> {
  // All methods defined above
}

// Utility types for selector functions  
type ValueFn<T, Parameters extends readonly any[], Return> = (
  this: T,
  datum: Parameters[0],
  index: number,
  groups: Parameters[1] extends readonly (infer GElement)[] ? GElement[] : never
) => Return;