Tree Modification

def extract(self):
    """
    Remove this element from the tree and return it.
    
    The element can be reinserted elsewhere. All parent/sibling 
    relationships are updated automatically.
    
    Returns:
    The extracted element (self)
    """

def decompose(self):
    """
    Recursively destroy this element and its children to free memory.
    
    Use when you're done with an element and want to reclaim memory.
    The element becomes unusable after decomposition.
    
    Returns:
    None
    """

def clear(self, decompose=False):
    """
    Remove all children from this element.
    
    Parameters:
    - decompose: bool - if True, decompose children to free memory
    
    Returns:
    None
    """

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = '''
<div class="container">
  <p>Keep this paragraph</p>
  <div class="unwanted">Remove this div</div>
  <p>Keep this paragraph too</p>
</div>
'''

soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')

# Extract element for reuse elsewhere
unwanted = soup.find('div', class_='unwanted')
extracted = unwanted.extract()  # Removed from tree but still usable

# Can insert extracted element elsewhere
new_location = soup.new_tag('section')
new_location.append(extracted)

# Decompose to free memory permanently
ad_elements = soup.find_all('div', class_='advertisement')
for ad in ad_elements:
    ad.decompose()  # Memory freed, element unusable

# Clear all children
container = soup.find('div', class_='container')
container.clear()  # Now empty div

# Clear with memory cleanup
container.clear(decompose=True)  # Children decomposed

def replace_with(self, *args):
    """
    Replace this element with one or more new elements.
    
    Parameters:
    - *args: PageElement instances or strings to replace with
    
    Returns:
    The replaced element (self)
    """

def wrap(self, wrap_inside):
    """
    Wrap this element inside another element.
    
    Parameters:
    - wrap_inside: PageElement (usually Tag) to wrap this element in
    
    Returns:
    The wrapping element
    """

def unwrap(self):
    """
    Replace this element with its children.
    
    Useful for removing a wrapper tag but keeping its contents.
    Only works on Tag elements with children.
    
    Returns:
    The unwrapped element (self)
    """

html = '''
<div>
  <p>Old paragraph</p>
  <span>Text to wrap</span>
  <em>Remove emphasis but keep text</em>
</div>
'''

soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')

# Replace element with new content
old_p = soup.find('p')
new_p = soup.new_tag('p', class_='updated')
new_p.string = 'New paragraph content'
old_p.replace_with(new_p)

# Replace with multiple elements
span = soup.find('span')
new_strong = soup.new_tag('strong')
new_strong.string = 'Bold text'
new_text = soup.new_string(' and plain text')
span.replace_with(new_strong, new_text)

# Wrap element in new tag
text_span = soup.find('span')  # If it still exists
wrapper_div = soup.new_tag('div', class_='wrapper')
if text_span:
    text_span.wrap(wrapper_div)

# Unwrap element (remove tag but keep contents)
em = soup.find('em')
if em:
    em.unwrap()  # <em>Remove emphasis but keep text</em> becomes just the text

def insert(self, position, new_child):
    """
    Insert a new child at the specified position.
    
    Parameters:
    - position: int - index position (0 = first child)
    - new_child: PageElement or string to insert
    
    Returns:
    None
    """

def insert_before(self, *args):
    """
    Insert one or more elements immediately before this element.
    
    Parameters:
    - *args: PageElement instances or strings to insert
    
    Returns:
    None
    """

def insert_after(self, *args):
    """
    Insert one or more elements immediately after this element.
    
    Parameters:
    - *args: PageElement instances or strings to insert
    
    Returns:
    None
    """

def append(self, tag):
    """
    Add an element as the last child of this element.
    
    Parameters:
    - tag: PageElement or string to append
    
    Returns:
    None
    """

def extend(self, tags):
    """
    Add multiple elements as children of this element.
    
    Parameters:
    - tags: iterable of PageElement instances or strings
    
    Returns:
    None
    """

def index(self, element):
    """
    Find the index of a child element by identity.
    
    Avoids issues with tag.contents.index(element) when there are
    equal elements, using identity comparison instead of value.
    
    Parameters:
    - element: PageElement - child element to find
    
    Returns:
    int - index of element in contents list
    
    Raises:
    ValueError if element is not a child of this element
    """

html = '<div><p>Existing paragraph</p></div>'
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')

div = soup.find('div')
existing_p = soup.find('p')

# Insert at specific position
new_h1 = soup.new_tag('h1')
new_h1.string = 'Title'
div.insert(0, new_h1)  # Insert as first child

# Insert before/after existing elements
before_p = soup.new_tag('p', class_='intro')
before_p.string = 'Introduction'
existing_p.insert_before(before_p)

after_p = soup.new_tag('p', class_='conclusion')
after_p.string = 'Conclusion'
existing_p.insert_after(after_p)

# Append to end
footer = soup.new_tag('footer')
footer.string = 'Footer content'
div.append(footer)

# Extend with multiple elements
new_elements = []
for i in range(3):
    item = soup.new_tag('span', class_='item')
    item.string = f'Item {i+1}'
    new_elements.append(item)

div.extend(new_elements)

# Insert text content
div.insert(1, 'Some plain text')
existing_p.insert_after('Text after paragraph')

# Find element index
p_index = div.index(existing_p)
print(f"Paragraph is at index {p_index}")

# Safer than contents.index() for duplicate elements
h1_index = div.index(new_h1)  # Uses identity, not equality

def __getitem__(self, key):
    """Get attribute value like a dictionary"""

def __setitem__(self, key, value):
    """Set attribute value like a dictionary"""

def __delitem__(self, key):
    """Delete attribute like a dictionary"""

def get(self, key, default=None):
    """
    Get attribute value with optional default.
    
    Parameters:
    - key: str - attribute name
    - default: value to return if attribute doesn't exist
    
    Returns:
    Attribute value or default
    """

def has_attr(self, key):
    """
    Check if element has the specified attribute.
    
    Parameters:
    - key: str - attribute name
    
    Returns:
    bool
    """

@property
def attrs(self):
    """
    Dictionary of all attributes.
    
    Returns:
    dict - can be modified directly
    """

html = '<div class="container" id="main">Content</div>'
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')

div = soup.find('div')

# Get attributes
print(div['class'])  # ['container']
print(div['id'])     # 'main'
print(div.get('data-value', 'default'))  # 'default'

# Set attributes
div['class'] = ['container', 'updated']
div['data-value'] = '123'
div['title'] = 'Tooltip text'

# Delete attributes
del div['id']

# Check attribute existence
if div.has_attr('class'):
    print('Has class attribute')

# Modify attrs dictionary directly
div.attrs['style'] = 'color: red;'
div.attrs.update({'data-count': '5', 'role': 'main'})

# Special handling for class attribute (list vs string)
div['class'] = 'single-class'    # Becomes ['single-class']
div['class'] = ['a', 'b', 'c']   # Stays as list

@property
def string(self):
    """
    Get/set the string content of this element.
    
    Get: Returns single NavigableString if element has only one string child,
         otherwise None
    Set: Replaces all children with a single NavigableString
    
    Returns:
    NavigableString or None
    """

@string.setter  
def string(self, value):
    """Replace all children with a single string"""

def get_text(self, separator="", strip=False, types=(NavigableString,)):
    """
    Extract all text content from this element and its descendants.
    
    Parameters:
    - separator: str - join multiple text pieces with this separator
    - strip: bool - strip whitespace from each text piece
    - types: tuple - which NavigableString types to include
    
    Returns:
    str - concatenated text content
    """

html = '''
<div>
  <p>Original text</p>
  <span>More <em>emphasis</em> text</span>
</div>
'''

soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')

# Modify string content
p = soup.find('p')
p.string = 'Updated text'  # Replaces all children

# Get text content
span = soup.find('span')
print(span.get_text())  # 'More emphasis text'
print(span.get_text(' | '))  # 'More | emphasis | text'
print(span.get_text(strip=True))  # Strips whitespace

# Work with mixed content
div = soup.find('div')
all_text = div.get_text(' ')
print(all_text)  # All text from div and descendants

# Preserve only certain text types
from bs4 import NavigableString, Comment
text_only = div.get_text(types=(NavigableString,))  # Excludes comments

def decompose(self):
    """
    Recursively destroy this element and free memory.
    
    After decomposition, the element and its children become
    unusable. Use when processing large documents to prevent
    memory accumulation.
    """

# Context manager for automatic cleanup
class SoupProcessor:
    def __init__(self, markup, parser):
        self.soup = BeautifulSoup(markup, parser)
    
    def __enter__(self):
        return self.soup
    
    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.soup.decompose()

# Manual memory management
large_html = get_large_html_document()
soup = BeautifulSoup(large_html, 'lxml')

# Process elements and clean up as you go
for section in soup.find_all('section', class_='processed'):
    process_section(section)
    section.decompose()  # Free memory immediately

# Clean up entire soup when done
soup.decompose()

# Context manager pattern for automatic cleanup
with SoupProcessor(html_content, 'html.parser') as soup:
    results = extract_data(soup)
    # soup automatically decomposed when exiting context