Utilities

def parse_uri(uri):
    """
    Parse URI into components.
    
    Args:
        uri (str): URI to parse
        
    Returns:
        tuple: (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment)
    """

def urlnorm(uri):
    """
    Normalize URI format for consistent processing.
    
    Args:
        uri (str): URI to normalize
        
    Returns:
        tuple: (scheme, authority, request_uri, defrag_uri)
    """

def iri2uri(uri):
    """
    Convert IRI (Internationalized Resource Identifier) to URI.
    
    Encodes non-ASCII characters in IRIs to create valid URIs.
    IRIs must be passed as unicode strings.
    
    Args:
        uri (str): IRI to convert (must be unicode string)
        
    Returns:
        str: Valid URI with non-ASCII characters encoded
    """

def has_timeout(timeout):
    """
    Check if timeout value is set and valid.
    
    Args:
        timeout: Timeout value to check
        
    Returns:
        bool: True if timeout is set and not default
    """

def safename(filename):
    """
    Generate safe filename for caching.
    
    Converts potentially unsafe characters in filenames to safe alternatives
    for cross-platform filesystem compatibility.
    
    Args:
        filename (str): Original filename
        
    Returns:
        str: Safe filename for filesystem storage
    """

# From httplib2.certs module
def where():
    """
    Locate CA certificates file.
    
    Searches for CA certificates in the following order:
    1. HTTPLIB2_CA_CERTS environment variable
    2. ca_certs_locater.get() if available
    3. certifi.where() if available  
    4. Built-in CA certificates file
    
    Returns:
        str: Path to CA certificates file
        
    Raises:
        RuntimeError: If HTTPLIB2_CA_CERTS points to invalid file
    """

BUILTIN_CA_CERTS = "path/to/builtin/cacerts.txt"
"""Path to built-in CA certificates file."""

def _normalize_headers(headers):
    """
    Normalize header names and values.
    
    Args:
        headers (dict): HTTP headers dictionary
        
    Returns:
        dict: Normalized headers with lowercase names
    """

def _parse_cache_control(headers):
    """
    Parse Cache-Control header directives.
    
    Args:
        headers (dict): HTTP headers
        
    Returns:
        dict: Parsed cache control directives
    """

def _get_end2end_headers(response):
    """
    Get end-to-end headers from response.
    
    Filters out hop-by-hop headers that shouldn't be cached.
    
    Args:
        response: HTTP response object
        
    Returns:
        list: End-to-end header names
    """

import httplib2
from httplib2 import parse_uri, urlnorm, iri2uri

# Parse URI components
uri = "https://example.com:8080/path/to/resource?param=value#section"
(scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = parse_uri(uri)
print(f"Scheme: {scheme}")
print(f"Authority: {authority}")
print(f"Path: {path}")
print(f"Query: {query}")
print(f"Fragment: {fragment}")

# Normalize URI
(scheme, authority, request_uri, defrag_uri) = urlnorm(uri)
print(f"Request URI: {request_uri}")
print(f"Defragmented URI: {defrag_uri}")

# Convert IRI to URI
iri = "http://例え.テスト/パス"  # Japanese IRI
uri = iri2uri(iri)
print(f"Converted URI: {uri}")

import httplib2.certs
import os

# Get CA certificates location
ca_certs_path = httplib2.certs.where()
print(f"CA certificates: {ca_certs_path}")

# Use custom CA certificates
os.environ['HTTPLIB2_CA_CERTS'] = '/path/to/custom/cacerts.pem'
custom_ca_path = httplib2.certs.where()
print(f"Custom CA certificates: {custom_ca_path}")

# Create HTTP client with specific CA certificates
h = httplib2.Http(ca_certs=custom_ca_path)
(resp, content) = h.request("https://secure.example.com/")

import httplib2
from httplib2 import safename

# Generate safe filenames for caching
unsafe_names = [
    "http://example.com/path?param=value",
    "file with spaces.txt",
    "file/with/slashes.txt",
    "file:with:colons.txt"
]

for name in unsafe_names:
    safe = safename(name)
    print(f"'{name}' -> '{safe}'")

# Use in custom cache implementation
class CustomCache:
    def __init__(self, cache_dir):
        self.cache_dir = cache_dir
    
    def _get_path(self, key):
        safe_key = safename(key)
        return os.path.join(self.cache_dir, safe_key)
    
    def get(self, key):
        path = self._get_path(key)
        try:
            with open(path, 'rb') as f:
                return f.read()
        except FileNotFoundError:
            return None
    
    def set(self, key, value):
        path = self._get_path(key)
        with open(path, 'wb') as f:
            f.write(value)

import httplib2
import socket

# Check timeout configuration
timeouts = [None, 0, 30, socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT]

for timeout in timeouts:
    has_timeout = httplib2.has_timeout(timeout)
    print(f"Timeout {timeout}: {'has timeout' if has_timeout else 'no timeout'}")

# Use with HTTP client
h = httplib2.Http(timeout=30)
if httplib2.has_timeout(30):
    print("Client configured with timeout")

import httplib2

# Internal header processing (normally handled automatically)
headers = {
    'Content-Type': 'application/json',
    'Cache-Control': 'max-age=3600, public',
    'Connection': 'keep-alive'
}

# Normalize headers (internal function)
normalized = httplib2._normalize_headers(headers)
print(f"Normalized headers: {normalized}")

# Parse cache control
cache_directives = httplib2._parse_cache_control(normalized)
print(f"Cache directives: {cache_directives}")

import httplib2

# Examples of IRI to URI conversion
iris = [
    "http://例え.テスト/",           # Japanese domain
    "http://пример.испытание/",      # Russian domain  
    "http://example.com/café",       # Accented characters in path
    "http://example.com/?q=naïve",   # Accented characters in query
    "http://example.com/#español"    # Accented characters in fragment
]

for iri in iris:
    uri = httplib2.iri2uri(iri)
    print(f"IRI:  {iri}")
    print(f"URI:  {uri}")
    print()

import httplib2

# Characters that need escaping in filenames
problematic_chars = [
    "http://example.com/",           # Slashes
    "file?query=value",              # Question marks
    "file:with:colons",              # Colons (Windows)
    "file<with>brackets",            # Angle brackets
    "file|with|pipes",               # Pipes
    "file*with*asterisks",           # Asterisks
    "file\"with\"quotes",            # Quotes
    "very long filename " * 10       # Long names
]

for name in problematic_chars:
    safe = httplib2.safename(name)
    print(f"Original: {name[:50]}")
    print(f"Safe:     {safe[:50]}")
    print()

import httplib2.auth

# Parse WWW-Authenticate header
headers = {
    'www-authenticate': 'Basic realm="Protected Area"'
}

auth_info = httplib2.auth._parse_www_authenticate(headers)
print(f"Authentication info: {auth_info}")

# Parse Authentication-Info header  
auth_response_headers = {
    'authentication-info': 'nextnonce="abcdef123456"'
}

auth_response = httplib2.auth._parse_authentication_info(auth_response_headers)
print(f"Authentication response: {auth_response}")

import httplib2

# Content decompression (handled automatically)
response_headers = {'content-encoding': 'gzip'}
# compressed_content = gzip.compress(b"Hello, World!")
# decompressed = httplib2._decompressContent(response_headers, compressed_content)

# Entry disposition for caching
request_headers = {'cache-control': 'no-cache'}
response_headers = {'cache-control': 'max-age=3600'}
disposition = httplib2._entry_disposition(response_headers, request_headers)
print(f"Cache disposition: {disposition}")

# Cache key generation (internal)
# Cache keys are generated from normalized URIs and relevant headers

import httplib2

# HTTP constants
print(f"Safe methods: {httplib2.SAFE_METHODS}")
print(f"Redirect codes: {httplib2.REDIRECT_CODES}")
print(f"Hop-by-hop headers: {httplib2.HOP_BY_HOP}")
print(f"Default max redirects: {httplib2.DEFAULT_MAX_REDIRECTS}")
print(f"Default retries: {httplib2.RETRIES}")

# SSL/TLS configuration
print(f"CA certificates: {httplib2.CA_CERTS}")

import httplib2
import urllib.parse

def advanced_uri_processing(uri):
    """Demonstrate advanced URI processing."""
    
    # Parse with httplib2
    (scheme, authority, path, query, fragment) = httplib2.parse_uri(uri)
    
    # Normalize
    (norm_scheme, norm_authority, request_uri, defrag_uri) = httplib2.urlnorm(uri)
    
    # Handle internationalization
    if not uri.isascii():
        uri = httplib2.iri2uri(uri)
    
    # Additional parsing with urllib
    parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(uri)
    
    return {
        'original': uri,
        'scheme': scheme,
        'authority': authority,
        'path': path,
        'normalized_request_uri': request_uri,
        'defragmented': defrag_uri,
        'is_secure': scheme == 'https',
        'default_port': 443 if scheme == 'https' else 80,
        'hostname': parsed.hostname,
        'port': parsed.port
    }

# Example usage
uri_info = advanced_uri_processing("https://example.com:8080/path?q=test#top")
for key, value in uri_info.items():
    print(f"{key}: {value}")