Complete patterns for efficient image handling in iOS apps, from basic AsyncImage usage through production-ready caching and loading pipelines. All patterns use modern Swift async/await and target iOS 26 with Swift 6.3, backward-compatible to iOS 16 unless noted.

AsyncImage Patterns
NSCache-Based In-Memory Cache
URLCache-Based Disk Caching
Image Downsampling with CGImageSource
Image Prefetching for Lists and Grids
HEIF/HEIC Handling
Compression Before Upload
Memory Budget Management
Complete Image Loading Pipeline

AsyncImage Patterns

AsyncImage (iOS 15+) provides built-in async image loading from a URL. Suitable for simple cases but has significant limitations for production use.

Basic Usage

AsyncImage(url: URL(string: "https://example.com/photo.jpg"))

Phase Handling

AsyncImage(url: imageURL) { phase in
    switch phase {
    case .empty:
        ProgressView()
            .frame(width: 200, height: 200)
    case .success(let image):
        image
            .resizable()
            .aspectRatio(contentMode: .fill)
            .frame(width: 200, height: 200)
            .clipped()
    case .failure:
        Image(systemName: "photo")
            .font(.largeTitle)
            .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
            .frame(width: 200, height: 200)
    @unknown default:
        EmptyView()
    }
}

Custom Transition

AsyncImage(url: imageURL, transaction: Transaction(animation: .easeIn(duration: 0.3))) { phase in
    switch phase {
    case .success(let image):
        image
            .resizable()
            .aspectRatio(contentMode: .fill)
            .transition(.opacity)
    default:
        Color.secondary.opacity(0.2)
    }
}
.frame(width: 200, height: 200)
.clipShape(.rect(cornerRadius: 12))

Limitations

AsyncImage has several shortcomings for production apps:

No caching across redraws: images re-download when the view is recreated.
No prefetching: cannot load images ahead of scroll position.
No custom URLSession: uses the shared session with no cache policy control.
No access to raw data: cannot process, downsample, or persist the image data.
No cancellation control: tied entirely to the view lifecycle.

For anything beyond simple, low-volume image display, use a custom loading pipeline.

NSCache-Based In-Memory Cache

An actor-isolated in-memory image cache backed by NSCache. Thread-safe and automatically evicts entries under memory pressure.

import UIKit

actor ImageCache {
    static let shared = ImageCache()

    private let cache = NSCache<NSString, UIImage>()
    private var inFlightTasks: [URL: Task<UIImage?, Never>] = [:]

    init(countLimit: Int = 100, totalCostLimit: Int = 50 * 1024 * 1024) {
        cache.countLimit = countLimit
        cache.totalCostLimit = totalCostLimit  // 50 MB default
    }

    func image(for url: URL) -> UIImage? {
        cache.object(forKey: url.absoluteString as NSString)
    }

    func store(_ image: UIImage, for url: URL) {
        let cost = image.jpegData(compressionQuality: 1.0)?.count ?? 0
        cache.setObject(image, forKey: url.absoluteString as NSString, cost: cost)
    }

    func removeImage(for url: URL) {
        cache.removeObject(forKey: url.absoluteString as NSString)
    }

    func removeAll() {
        cache.removeAllObjects()
        inFlightTasks.removeAll()
    }

    /// Fetch an image with request coalescing. Multiple callers for the same URL
    /// share a single network request.
    func fetch(from url: URL, session: URLSession = .shared) async -> UIImage? {
        // Return cached image immediately
        if let cached = image(for: url) {
            return cached
        }

        // Coalesce duplicate in-flight requests
        if let existingTask = inFlightTasks[url] {
            return await existingTask.value
        }

        let task = Task<UIImage?, Never> {
            defer { inFlightTasks[url] = nil }

            guard let (data, response) = try? await session.data(from: url),
                  let httpResponse = response as? HTTPURLResponse,
                  httpResponse.statusCode == 200,
                  let image = UIImage(data: data) else {
                return nil
            }

            store(image, for: url)
            return image
        }

        inFlightTasks[url] = task
        return await task.value
    }
}

Usage in SwiftUI

struct CachedImageView: View {
    let url: URL
    @State private var image: UIImage?

    var body: some View {
        Group {
            if let image {
                Image(uiImage: image)
                    .resizable()
                    .aspectRatio(contentMode: .fill)
            } else {
                Color.secondary.opacity(0.2)
                    .overlay(ProgressView())
            }
        }
        .task(id: url) {
            image = await ImageCache.shared.fetch(from: url)
        }
    }
}

URLCache-Based Disk Caching

Configure URLCache for persistent image caching that survives app restarts. URLCache handles HTTP cache headers automatically.

Configuring a Dedicated URLSession

enum ImageSessionConfiguration {
    static func makeSession() -> URLSession {
        let config = URLSessionConfiguration.default

        // 50 MB memory / 200 MB disk
        config.urlCache = URLCache(
            memoryCapacity: 50 * 1024 * 1024,
            diskCapacity: 200 * 1024 * 1024,
            directory: cacheDirectory
        )

        config.requestCachePolicy = .returnCacheDataElseLoad
        config.httpMaximumConnectionsPerHost = 6

        return URLSession(configuration: config)
    }

    private static var cacheDirectory: URL {
        FileManager.default.urls(for: .cachesDirectory, in: .userDomainMask)[0]
            .appendingPathComponent("ImageCache", isDirectory: true)
    }
}

Cache-Aware Request

func cachedImageData(from url: URL, session: URLSession) async throws -> Data {
    let request = URLRequest(url: url, cachePolicy: .returnCacheDataElseLoad)
    let (data, _) = try await session.data(for: request)
    return data
}

Force Refresh (Bypass Cache)

func refreshImageData(from url: URL, session: URLSession) async throws -> Data {
    let request = URLRequest(url: url, cachePolicy: .reloadIgnoringLocalCacheData)
    let (data, _) = try await session.data(for: request)
    return data
}

Cache Cleanup

func cleanImageCache(session: URLSession) {
    session.configuration.urlCache?.removeAllCachedResponses()
}

func removeCachedImage(for url: URL, session: URLSession) {
    let request = URLRequest(url: url)
    session.configuration.urlCache?.removeCachedResponse(for: request)
}

Image Downsampling with CGImageSource

Loading a full-resolution image into memory then scaling it in the view wastes significant memory. Downsampling at decode time creates a smaller bitmap directly.

Downsample Function

import ImageIO
import UIKit

func downsample(data: Data, to pointSize: CGSize, scale: CGFloat = UITraitCollection.current.displayScale) -> UIImage? {
    let maxDimensionInPixels = max(pointSize.width, pointSize.height) * scale

    let options: [CFString: Any] = [
        kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailFromImageAlways: true,
        kCGImageSourceShouldCacheImmediately: true,
        kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailWithTransform: true,
        kCGImageSourceThumbnailMaxPixelSize: maxDimensionInPixels
    ]

    guard let source = CGImageSourceCreateWithData(data as CFData, nil),
          let cgImage = CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex(source, 0, options as CFDictionary) else {
        return nil
    }

    return UIImage(cgImage: cgImage)
}

Downsample from URL

func downsample(url: URL, to pointSize: CGSize, scale: CGFloat = UITraitCollection.current.displayScale) -> UIImage? {
    let maxDimensionInPixels = max(pointSize.width, pointSize.height) * scale

    let options: [CFString: Any] = [
        kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailFromImageAlways: true,
        kCGImageSourceShouldCacheImmediately: true,
        kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailWithTransform: true,
        kCGImageSourceThumbnailMaxPixelSize: maxDimensionInPixels
    ]

    guard let source = CGImageSourceCreateWithURL(url as CFURL, nil),
          let cgImage = CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex(source, 0, options as CFDictionary) else {
        return nil
    }

    return UIImage(cgImage: cgImage)
}

When to Downsample

Displaying thumbnails in a list or grid (a 4032x3024 photo for a 100x100 cell wastes ~46 MB per image).
User-selected photos from the photo library.
Images fetched from a server that are larger than the display size.
Any time the source image dimensions exceed 2x the display point size.

Memory Savings

Source Size	Display Size	Without Downsampling	With Downsampling
4032x3024	100x100 pt @3x	~46 MB	~0.35 MB
4032x3024	300x300 pt @3x	~46 MB	~3.1 MB
1920x1080	100x100 pt @3x	~7.9 MB	~0.35 MB

Image Prefetching for Lists and Grids

Prefetch images before they scroll into view. Works with both UICollectionView data source prefetching and SwiftUI List.

Prefetch Coordinator

@Observable
@MainActor
final class ImagePrefetcher {
    private let cache: ImageCache
    private let session: URLSession
    private var prefetchTasks: [URL: Task<Void, Never>] = [:]

    init(cache: ImageCache = .shared,
         session: URLSession = ImageSessionConfiguration.makeSession()) {
        self.cache = cache
        self.session = session
    }

    func prefetch(urls: [URL]) {
        for url in urls {
            guard prefetchTasks[url] == nil else { continue }

            prefetchTasks[url] = Task {
                _ = await cache.fetch(from: url, session: session)
                prefetchTasks[url] = nil
            }
        }
    }

    func cancelPrefetch(urls: [URL]) {
        for url in urls {
            prefetchTasks[url]?.cancel()
            prefetchTasks[url] = nil
        }
    }

    func cancelAll() {
        prefetchTasks.values.forEach { $0.cancel() }
        prefetchTasks.removeAll()
    }
}

SwiftUI Integration with ScrollView and LazyVGrid

struct PhotoGrid: View {
    let photos: [Photo]
    @State private var prefetcher = ImagePrefetcher()

    private let columns = [GridItem(.adaptive(minimum: 100), spacing: 2)]

    var body: some View {
        ScrollView {
            LazyVGrid(columns: columns, spacing: 2) {
                ForEach(photos) { photo in
                    CachedImageView(url: photo.thumbnailURL)
                        .aspectRatio(1, contentMode: .fill)
                        .clipped()
                        .onAppear {
                            prefetchNearby(photo)
                        }
                }
            }
        }
        .onDisappear {
            prefetcher.cancelAll()
        }
    }

    private func prefetchNearby(_ photo: Photo) {
        guard let index = photos.firstIndex(where: { $0.id == photo.id }) else { return }
        let prefetchRange = (index + 1)..<min(index + 10, photos.count)
        let urls = prefetchRange.map { photos[$0].thumbnailURL }
        prefetcher.prefetch(urls: urls)
    }
}

UICollectionView Prefetching (UIKit Interop)

final class PhotoCollectionPrefetcher: NSObject, UICollectionViewDataSourcePrefetching {
    private let prefetcher = ImagePrefetcher()
    private let photos: [Photo]

    init(photos: [Photo]) {
        self.photos = photos
    }

    func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView,
                        prefetchItemsAt indexPaths: [IndexPath]) {
        let urls = indexPaths.map { photos[$0.item].thumbnailURL }
        prefetcher.prefetch(urls: urls)
    }

    func collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView,
                        cancelPrefetchingForItemsAt indexPaths: [IndexPath]) {
        let urls = indexPaths.map { photos[$0.item].thumbnailURL }
        prefetcher.cancelPrefetch(urls: urls)
    }
}

HEIF/HEIC Handling

HEIF (High Efficiency Image Format) is the default camera format on modern iPhones. Handle detection, display, and conversion.

Detection

import UniformTypeIdentifiers

func isHEIF(data: Data) -> Bool {
    guard data.count >= 12 else { return false }
    // Check for 'ftyp' box at byte 4
    let ftypRange = data[4..<8]
    return ftypRange.elementsEqual("ftyp".utf8)
}

func isHEIF(url: URL) -> Bool {
    guard let type = UTType(filenameExtension: url.pathExtension) else { return false }
    return type.conforms(to: .heif) || type.conforms(to: .heic)
}

Conversion to JPEG

func convertHEICToJPEG(data: Data, compressionQuality: CGFloat = 0.9) -> Data? {
    guard let image = UIImage(data: data) else { return nil }
    return image.jpegData(compressionQuality: compressionQuality)
}

Conversion to PNG

func convertHEICToPNG(data: Data) -> Data? {
    guard let image = UIImage(data: data) else { return nil }
    return image.pngData()
}

Conversion with CGImageDestination (More Control)

import ImageIO

func convertHEICToJPEG(sourceData: Data,
                        quality: CGFloat = 0.9,
                        preserveMetadata: Bool = true) -> Data? {
    guard let source = CGImageSourceCreateWithData(sourceData as CFData, nil),
          let cgImage = CGImageSourceCreateImageAtIndex(source, 0, nil) else {
        return nil
    }

    let mutableData = NSMutableData()
    guard let destination = CGImageDestinationCreateWithData(
        mutableData, UTType.jpeg.identifier as CFString, 1, nil
    ) else {
        return nil
    }

    var options: [CFString: Any] = [
        kCGImageDestinationLossyCompressionQuality: quality
    ]

    // Preserve EXIF, GPS, and other metadata
    if preserveMetadata,
       let metadata = CGImageSourceCopyPropertiesAtIndex(source, 0, nil) {
        options[kCGImageDestinationMergeMetadata] = true
        CGImageDestinationAddImage(destination, cgImage, metadata)
    } else {
        CGImageDestinationAddImage(destination, cgImage, options as CFDictionary)
    }

    guard CGImageDestinationFinalize(destination) else { return nil }
    return mutableData as Data
}

Compression Before Upload

Reduce file size before uploading to a server. Balance quality and size based on the use case.

JPEG Compression with Target Size

func compressForUpload(image: UIImage,
                       maxBytes: Int = 1_000_000,
                       initialQuality: CGFloat = 0.9) -> Data? {
    var quality = initialQuality

    while quality > 0.1 {
        guard let data = image.jpegData(compressionQuality: quality) else { return nil }
        if data.count <= maxBytes {
            return data
        }
        quality -= 0.1
    }

    // Final attempt at minimum quality
    return image.jpegData(compressionQuality: 0.1)
}

Resize and Compress

func resizeAndCompress(image: UIImage,
                       maxDimension: CGFloat = 1920,
                       compressionQuality: CGFloat = 0.8) -> Data? {
    let size = image.size
    let scale: CGFloat

    if max(size.width, size.height) > maxDimension {
        scale = maxDimension / max(size.width, size.height)
    } else {
        scale = 1.0
    }

    let newSize = CGSize(width: size.width * scale, height: size.height * scale)

    let renderer = UIGraphicsImageRenderer(size: newSize)
    let resized = renderer.image { _ in
        image.draw(in: CGRect(origin: .zero, size: newSize))
    }

    return resized.jpegData(compressionQuality: compressionQuality)
}

HEIF Compression (Smaller Files)

func compressAsHEIF(image: UIImage, quality: CGFloat = 0.8) -> Data? {
    guard let cgImage = image.cgImage else { return nil }

    let mutableData = NSMutableData()
    guard let destination = CGImageDestinationCreateWithData(
        mutableData, UTType.heic.identifier as CFString, 1, nil
    ) else {
        return nil
    }

    let options: [CFString: Any] = [
        kCGImageDestinationLossyCompressionQuality: quality
    ]

    CGImageDestinationAddImage(destination, cgImage, options as CFDictionary)
    guard CGImageDestinationFinalize(destination) else { return nil }

    return mutableData as Data
}

Memory Budget Management

Monitor and respond to memory pressure to keep your image pipeline stable.

Memory Warning Observer

@Observable
@MainActor
final class MemoryMonitor {
    var isUnderPressure = false

    init() {
        NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
            forName: UIApplication.didReceiveMemoryWarningNotification,
            object: nil,
            queue: .main
        ) { [weak self] _ in
            self?.handleMemoryWarning()
        }
    }

    private func handleMemoryWarning() {
        isUnderPressure = true

        Task {
            await ImageCache.shared.removeAll()
        }

        // Reset after a delay
        Task {
            try? await Task.sleep(for: .seconds(10))
            isUnderPressure = false
        }
    }
}

Process Memory Usage

func currentMemoryUsageMB() -> Double {
    var info = mach_task_basic_info()
    var count = mach_msg_type_number_t(MemoryLayout<mach_task_basic_info>.size) / 4
    let result = withUnsafeMutablePointer(to: &info) {
        $0.withMemoryRebound(to: integer_t.self, capacity: Int(count)) {
            task_info(mach_task_self_, task_flavor_t(MACH_TASK_BASIC_INFO), $0, &count)
        }
    }
    guard result == KERN_SUCCESS else { return 0 }
    return Double(info.resident_size) / (1024 * 1024)
}

Adaptive Cache Sizing

actor AdaptiveImageCache {
    private let cache = NSCache<NSString, UIImage>()

    init() {
        let totalMemory = ProcessInfo.processInfo.physicalMemory
        // Use at most 10% of physical memory for image cache
        let budgetBytes = Int(totalMemory / 10)
        cache.totalCostLimit = budgetBytes
        cache.countLimit = 200
    }

    func image(for url: URL) -> UIImage? {
        cache.object(forKey: url.absoluteString as NSString)
    }

    func store(_ image: UIImage, for url: URL) {
        let cost = cgImageMemorySize(image)
        cache.setObject(image, forKey: url.absoluteString as NSString, cost: cost)
    }

    /// Estimate the decoded bitmap size in bytes.
    private func cgImageMemorySize(_ image: UIImage) -> Int {
        guard let cgImage = image.cgImage else { return 0 }
        return cgImage.bytesPerRow * cgImage.height
    }

    func purge() {
        cache.removeAllObjects()
    }
}

Complete Image Loading Pipeline

A production-ready pipeline that combines in-memory caching, disk caching via URLCache, downsampling, and request coalescing.

ImageLoader Actor

import UIKit
import ImageIO

actor ImageLoader {
    static let shared = ImageLoader()

    private let memoryCache = NSCache<NSString, UIImage>()
    private let session: URLSession
    private var inFlightTasks: [URL: Task<UIImage?, Never>] = [:]

    init() {
        let config = URLSessionConfiguration.default
        config.urlCache = URLCache(
            memoryCapacity: 50 * 1024 * 1024,
            diskCapacity: 200 * 1024 * 1024
        )
        config.requestCachePolicy = .returnCacheDataElseLoad
        config.httpMaximumConnectionsPerHost = 6
        session = URLSession(configuration: config)

        let totalMemory = ProcessInfo.processInfo.physicalMemory
        memoryCache.totalCostLimit = Int(totalMemory / 10)
        memoryCache.countLimit = 200
    }

    /// Load an image, optionally downsampling to the given display size.
    func load(from url: URL, displaySize: CGSize? = nil) async -> UIImage? {
        let cacheKey = cacheKey(url: url, size: displaySize)

        // 1. Check memory cache
        if let cached = memoryCache.object(forKey: cacheKey as NSString) {
            return cached
        }

        // 2. Coalesce duplicate in-flight requests
        if let existing = inFlightTasks[url] {
            return await existing.value
        }

        let task = Task<UIImage?, Never> {
            defer { inFlightTasks[url] = nil }

            guard let (data, response) = try? await session.data(from: url),
                  let httpResponse = response as? HTTPURLResponse,
                  httpResponse.statusCode == 200 else {
                return nil
            }

            // 3. Downsample if a display size is provided
            let image: UIImage?
            if let displaySize {
                image = Self.downsample(data: data, to: displaySize)
            } else {
                image = UIImage(data: data)
            }

            // 4. Store in memory cache
            if let image {
                let cost = Self.bitmapSize(of: image)
                memoryCache.setObject(image, forKey: cacheKey as NSString, cost: cost)
            }

            return image
        }

        inFlightTasks[url] = task
        return await task.value
    }

    /// Remove a specific URL from the memory cache.
    func evict(url: URL, displaySize: CGSize? = nil) {
        let key = cacheKey(url: url, size: displaySize)
        memoryCache.removeObject(forKey: key as NSString)
    }

    /// Purge all in-memory cached images.
    func purgeMemoryCache() {
        memoryCache.removeAllObjects()
        inFlightTasks.values.forEach { $0.cancel() }
        inFlightTasks.removeAll()
    }

    // MARK: - Private

    private func cacheKey(url: URL, size: CGSize?) -> String {
        if let size {
            return "\(url.absoluteString)_\(Int(size.width))x\(Int(size.height))"
        }
        return url.absoluteString
    }

    private static func downsample(data: Data, to pointSize: CGSize) -> UIImage? {
        let scale = UITraitCollection.current.displayScale
        let maxDimension = max(pointSize.width, pointSize.height) * scale

        let options: [CFString: Any] = [
            kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailFromImageAlways: true,
            kCGImageSourceShouldCacheImmediately: true,
            kCGImageSourceCreateThumbnailWithTransform: true,
            kCGImageSourceThumbnailMaxPixelSize: maxDimension
        ]

        guard let source = CGImageSourceCreateWithData(data as CFData, nil),
              let cgImage = CGImageSourceCreateThumbnailAtIndex(source, 0, options as CFDictionary) else {
            return nil
        }

        return UIImage(cgImage: cgImage)
    }

    private static func bitmapSize(of image: UIImage) -> Int {
        guard let cgImage = image.cgImage else { return 0 }
        return cgImage.bytesPerRow * cgImage.height
    }
}

SwiftUI View Using the Pipeline

struct PipelineImageView: View {
    let url: URL
    var displaySize: CGSize = CGSize(width: 300, height: 300)

    @State private var image: UIImage?
    @State private var isLoading = true

    var body: some View {
        ZStack {
            if let image {
                Image(uiImage: image)
                    .resizable()
                    .aspectRatio(contentMode: .fill)
            } else if isLoading {
                Color.secondary.opacity(0.15)
                    .overlay(ProgressView())
            } else {
                Color.secondary.opacity(0.15)
                    .overlay {
                        Image(systemName: "photo")
                            .font(.title2)
                            .foregroundStyle(.secondary)
                    }
            }
        }
        .frame(width: displaySize.width, height: displaySize.height)
        .clipped()
        .task(id: url) {
            isLoading = true
            image = await ImageLoader.shared.load(from: url, displaySize: displaySize)
            isLoading = false
        }
    }
}

Memory Warning Integration

struct PhotoGridView: View {
    let photos: [Photo]

    var body: some View {
        ScrollView {
            LazyVGrid(columns: [GridItem(.adaptive(minimum: 100), spacing: 2)], spacing: 2) {
                ForEach(photos) { photo in
                    PipelineImageView(
                        url: photo.thumbnailURL,
                        displaySize: CGSize(width: 100, height: 100)
                    )
                }
            }
        }
        .onReceive(NotificationCenter.default.publisher(
            for: UIApplication.didReceiveMemoryWarningNotification
        )) { _ in
            Task {
                await ImageLoader.shared.purgeMemoryCache()
            }
        }
    }
}

When to Use Each Layer

Scenario	Recommended Approach
Simple profile avatar	AsyncImage
Photo grid with scrolling	ImageLoader + downsampling + prefetch
Offline-capable gallery	ImageLoader + URLCache disk caching
Chat message images	ImageLoader + in-memory cache
Full-resolution photo viewer	ImageLoader without downsampling
Thumbnail in a widget	Downsample at fetch time, store in app group

skills

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image-loading-caching.md

photokit-patterns.md

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Image Loading and Caching Patterns

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