Sandbox Constraints

Hubitat apps and drivers are single Groovy 2.4 files run in a locked-down sandbox on the hub. The language looks like Groovy but the environment is not a general JVM. Save compiles; a compile error is returned inline and the code does not save.

Forbidden

• No user-defined classes. One script per app/driver; @Field gives script-level variables when you need them.
• No new Thread(...), executors, or any thread creation.
• No sleep() — use pauseExecution(ms). No println() — use log.debug.
• No obj.getClass() — use getObjectClassName(obj).
• No arbitrary Java classes. Only the import allow-list resolves; anything else fails to compile.

Allowed Imports

• The allow-list is skills/_reference/allowed-imports.txt (197 fully-qualified classes, verified against 2.5.1.125). An import outside it is a compile error, not a runtime one.
• Highlights present: java.util.* collections, java.math.BigDecimal/BigInteger, java.time.*, groovy.json.* (JsonSlurper, JsonOutput, JsonBuilder), groovy.transform.Field/CompileStatic, java.security.MessageDigest, javax.crypto.*, org.apache.commons.codec.binary.Base64, com.hubitat.app.* wrappers, hubitat.scheduling.AsyncResponse, Nimbus JOSE/JWT, org.json.*, org.quartz.CronExpression.
• Absent by design: file I/O, sockets, reflection, java.lang.Thread, arbitrary org.*.

Consequences

• Groovy 2.4 only — no language features from later versions.
• name + namespace in definition must be globally unique on the hub or the save collides.
• Deterministic sandbox checks (imports, sleep/println/thread usage, getClass) are what the lint-review skill runs — see rules/groovy-gotchas.md for the silent-failure traps the compiler does not catch.