Commander.js

Complete Commander.js framework guidance for building robust command-line interfaces with proper argument parsing, subcommands, options, and TypeScript support.

How to Use

Read individual reference files for detailed guidance:

• Core Basics
• Options & Flags
• Commands & Structure
• Action Handlers
• TypeScript Setup
• Practices & Patterns

Each reference file contains:

• API documentation and usage patterns
• Practical code examples with TypeScript
• Common patterns and best practices
• Error handling and validation techniques
• Migration guides from other frameworks

Quick Start

import { Command } from 'commander';

const program = new Command();

program
  .name('my-cli')
  .description('CLI tool description')
  .version('1.0.0');

program
  .command('build')
  .description('Build the project')
  .option('-o, --output <path>', 'Output directory')
  .option('-w, --watch', 'Watch for changes')
  .action((options) => {
    console.log('Building with options:', options);
  });

await program.parseAsync(process.argv);

Navigation Workflow

1. Start with core - Understand program setup and basic structure
2. Add options - Define flags, required options, and defaults
3. Structure commands - Create subcommands and command hierarchies
4. Implement actions - Write action handlers with async/await
5. Integrate TypeScript - Add proper typing and type safety
6. Validate parsing - Test with --help and invalid inputs to verify argument parsing and error handling
7. Apply best practices - Error handling, validation, and testing

Common Patterns

Single Command CLI

program
  .argument('<source>', 'Source file')
  .argument('[destination]', 'Destination file')
  .option('-f, --force', 'Force overwrite')
  .action((source, destination, options) => {
    // implementation
  });

Multi-Command CLI

program
  .command('init')
  .description('Initialize project')
  .action(() => { /* ... */ });

program
  .command('deploy')
  .description('Deploy application')
  .option('-e, --env <name>', 'Environment')
  .action((options) => { /* ... */ });

Modular Subcommands with Typed Options (Recommended)

// types/build-options.ts
export interface BuildOptions {
  outDir: string;
  minify: boolean;
  watch: boolean;
}

// services/build-service.ts
import type { BuildOptions } from '../types/build-options';

export const buildProject = (options: BuildOptions): void => {
  console.log('Building to:', options.outDir);
  // All options available with type safety
};

// commands/build.ts
import { Command } from 'commander';
import { buildProject } from '../services/build-service';
import type { BuildOptions } from '../types/build-options';

export const buildCommand = new Command('build')
  .description('Build project')
  .option('-o, --out-dir <path>', 'Output directory', 'dist')
  .option('-m, --minify', 'Minify output', false)
  .option('-w, --watch', 'Watch mode', false)
  .action((options: BuildOptions) => {
    // Pass complete typed object to service
    buildProject(options);
  });

// index.ts
import { buildCommand } from './commands/build';

program.addCommand(buildCommand);

Do's

✓ ALWAYS pass complete typed options objects to services (never individual properties) ✓ Define TypeScript interfaces for all options (e.g., BuildOptions, DeployOptions) ✓ Export commands as Command instances from subcommand modules ✓ Use .addCommand() to attach subcommands to parent Command ✓ Use parseAsync() for async action handlers ✓ Validate options in action handlers ✓ Provide clear descriptions for all commands/options ✓ Use TypeScript for type safety ✓ Handle errors gracefully with try/catch ✓ Use kebab-case for option names ✓ Provide sensible defaults for optional options ✓ Create barrel exports for commands (commands/index.ts) ✓ Test CLI with different argument combinations ✓ Use .exitOverride() for testing ✓ Document expected argument formats

Don'ts

✗ NEVER pass individual option properties to services (pass complete typed object) ✗ DON'T pass options piecemeal (e.g., service(opts.a, opts.b, opts.c)) ✗ Don't use parse() with async handlers (use parseAsync()) ✗ Don't ignore error handling in action handlers ✗ Don't use camelCase in CLI flags (use kebab-case) ✗ Don't forget to specify option argument types (<required> vs [optional]) ✗ Don't mix positional arguments with options ambiguously ✗ Don't forget to call program.parse() or program.parseAsync() ✗ Don't use global state in action handlers ✗ Don't suppress built-in help text without good reason ✗ Don't forget to version your CLI ✗ Don't make all options required (use sensible defaults)

Anti-Patterns

NEVER access process.argv directly when Commander.js is available

• WHY: Commander.js handles argument parsing, validation, and help generation; bypassing it for any argument creates inconsistency in error handling and help output.
• BAD: const url = process.argv[2] alongside Commander.js commands.
• GOOD: Define all arguments as Commander.js options or arguments: program.argument('<url>', 'Target URL').

NEVER use .action() callback without handling errors

• WHY: Unhandled rejections in async action callbacks crash the process without helpful error messages.
• BAD: program.command('fetch').action(async (opts) => { await riskyOp(); })
• GOOD: Wrap in try/catch and call program.error(err.message) for Commander-formatted error output.

NEVER add .parseAsync() without await

• WHY: Commander.js v8+ requires await program.parseAsync() for async actions; without await, the process exits before async actions complete.
• BAD: program.parseAsync(process.argv) without await.
• GOOD: await program.parseAsync(process.argv) inside an async IIFE or main function.

NEVER define commands with positional arguments and options that share ambiguous prefixes

• WHY: Commander.js can misparse --option values as positional arguments when options are not consumed before positional parsing.
• BAD: program.argument('<file>').option('--format <fmt>') with ambiguous ordering in usage examples.
• GOOD: Always place options before positional arguments in usage examples and validate input explicitly.

NEVER use program.opts() to read option values inside a subcommand

• WHY: Each subcommand has its own option scope; reading program.opts() in a subcommand returns the parent options, not the subcommand options.
• BAD: Reading program.opts().verbose inside a program.command('deploy').action().
• GOOD: Use command.opts() (the action's first argument when using .action((opts) =>)) to access subcommand-specific options.

References

• Commander.js GitHub Repository
• Commander.js Documentation
• Commander.js Examples