Graphics

You MUST use this skill for ANY GPU rendering, graphics programming, 3D content display, or display performance work.

When to Use

Use this router when:

• Porting OpenGL/OpenGL ES code to Metal
• Porting DirectX code to Metal
• Converting GLSL/HLSL shaders to Metal Shading Language
• Setting up MTKView or CAMetalLayer
• Rendering breaks or blurs when the window resizes or moves between screens
• Debugging GPU rendering issues (black screen, wrong colors, crashes)
• Evaluating translation layers (MetalANGLE, MoltenVK)
• Optimizing GPU performance or fixing thermal throttling
• App stuck at 60fps on ProMotion device
• Configuring CADisplayLink or render loops
• Variable refresh rate display issues
• Displaying 3D content in a non-game SwiftUI app
• Building AR experiences with RealityKit
• Using RealityView or Model3D in SwiftUI
• Spatial computing or visionOS 3D content
• Reading, editing, or exporting USD/USDZ files in Swift (USDKit)
• Adding ML to a render pipeline (MetalFX denoising, Metal tensors, neural rendering)
• Profiling long game sessions (metalperftrace, look-back traces)

Routing Logic

Metal Migration

Strategy decisions → See skills/metal-migration.md

• Translation layer vs native rewrite decision
• Project assessment and migration planning
• Anti-patterns and common mistakes
• Pressure scenarios for deadline resistance

API reference & conversion → See skills/metal-migration-ref.md

• GLSL → MSL shader conversion tables
• HLSL → MSL shader conversion tables
• GL/D3D API → Metal API equivalents
• MTKView setup, render pipelines, compute shaders
• Complete WWDC code examples

Diagnostics → See skills/metal-migration-diag.md

• Black screen after porting
• Shader compilation errors
• Wrong colors or coordinate systems
• Performance regressions
• Time-cost analysis per diagnostic path

Rendering Surfaces Under Window Resizing

Any rendering surface in a resizable window → See skills/resizable-rendering.md

• MTKView drawableSizeWillChange (projection + render-target reallocation, live-resize throttling)
• CAMetalLayer manual drawableSize/contentsScale ownership
• Per-surface adaptation table: video layers, maps, charts, Canvas, web views, PDF, SpriteKit/SceneKit
• displayScale-keyed cache invalidation when a scene moves between screens (Mirroring, external display)

Display Performance

Frame rate & render loops → See skills/display-performance.md

• App stuck at 60fps on ProMotion (120Hz) device
• MTKView or CADisplayLink configuration
• Variable refresh rate optimization
• System caps (Low Power Mode, Limit Frame Rate, Thermal, Adaptive Power)
• Frame budget math (8.33ms for 120Hz)
• Measuring actual vs reported frame rate

RealityKit (Non-Game 3D Content)

For 3D content in non-game SwiftUI apps, AR experiences, and spatial computing, use the RealityKit skills. For game-specific RealityKit patterns, use the axiom-games router instead.

Architecture, ECS, and best practices → See skills/realitykit.md

• Entity-Component-System architecture
• SwiftUI integration: RealityView, Model3D, attachments
• AR on iOS: AnchorEntity types, SpatialTrackingSession
• Materials, physics, interaction
• Performance optimization

API reference → See skills/realitykit-ref.md

• Complete component catalog
• RealityView and Model3D API
• Material system (PBR, Unlit, Occlusion, Custom)
• RealityRenderer (Metal integration)

Troubleshooting → See skills/realitykit-diag.md

• Entity not visible, anchor not tracking
• Gesture not responding, performance issues
• Material problems, physics issues

HDR Tone Mapping & Color

HDR drawing and color metadata → See skills/hdr-color-ref.md

• HDR images washed out, clipped, or dark when drawn into a CGContext
• Choosing a tone-mapping method (CGContentToneMappingInfo vs CGToneMapping)
• Headroom Adaptive Gain Curve metadata on ICC profiles (OS27)
• Persisting CGColor / CGColorSpace (Codable in OS27)

USD Authoring (USDKit) OS27

USD file work in Swift → See skills/usdkit.md

• Open, traverse, edit USD stages and prims
• References and composition
• Accessibility metadata for 3D assets
• USDZ export with mesh/texture compression
• Rendering a USD stage in RealityKit (USDStageComponent)

Decision Tree

1. Translation layer vs native rewrite? → metal-migration
2. Porting / converting code to Metal? → metal-migration
3. API reference / shader conversion tables? → metal-migration-ref
4. MTKView / render pipeline setup? → metal-migration-ref
5. Something broken after porting (black screen, wrong colors)? → metal-migration-diag
6. Stuck at 60fps on ProMotion device? → display-performance
7. CADisplayLink / variable refresh rate? → display-performance
8. Frame rate not as expected? → display-performance
9. Display a 3D model in SwiftUI? → realitykit
10. Build an AR experience? → realitykit
11. RealityView or Model3D setup? → realitykit-ref
12. 3D content not visible or not tracking? → realitykit-diag
13. Custom Metal rendering of RealityKit content? → realitykit-ref (RealityRenderer)
14. Pathfinding, LOD, soft shadows, splats, reverb meshes? → realitykit-ref (Part 10)
15. Read/edit/export a USD or USDZ file in Swift? → usdkit
16. ML in the render pipeline (denoising, Metal tensors)? → metal-migration-ref (Part 6)
17. Frame drops in long play sessions? → display-performance (Part 12)
18. HDR image looks washed out / clipped when drawn? → hdr-color-ref
19. Choosing a tone-mapping method, or reading HAGC metadata? → hdr-color-ref
20. Rendering stretches, blurs, or letterboxes when the window resizes or moves screens? → resizable-rendering
21. Building a 3D game? → Use axiom-games router instead

Anti-Rationalization

Critical Patterns

metal-migration:

• Translation layer (MetalANGLE) for quick demos
• Native Metal rewrite for production
• State management differences (GL stateful → Metal explicit)
• Coordinate system gotchas (Y-flip, NDC differences)

metal-migration-ref:

• Complete shader type mappings
• API equivalent tables
• MTKView vs CAMetalLayer decision
• Render pipeline setup patterns

metal-migration-diag:

• GPU Frame Capture workflow (2-5 min vs 30+ min guessing)
• Shader debugger for variable inspection
• Metal validation layer for API misuse
• Performance regression diagnosis

display-performance:

• MTKView defaults to 60fps (must set preferredFramesPerSecond = 120)
• CADisplayLink preferredFrameRateRange for explicit rate control
• System caps: Low Power Mode, Limit Frame Rate, Thermal, Adaptive Power (iOS 26)
• 8.33ms frame budget for 120Hz
• UIScreen.maximumFramesPerSecond lies; CADisplayLink tells truth

realitykit (non-game 3D):

• RealityView make/update closure pattern
• Model3D for simple model display
• AR anchoring with AnchorEntity
• Material selection (SimpleMaterial, PBR, Occlusion)

realitykit-ref (API):

• RealityRenderer for custom Metal rendering of RealityKit content
• Complete material property reference
• RealityView gesture integration
• RealityKit 27 additions: navigation mesh, LOD, soft shadows, Gaussian splats (visionOS), reverb meshes (Part 10), cloth simulation (ClothBodyComponent), ComputeGraph framework

usdkit (USD authoring, 27 releases):

• USDStage open/traverse/edit, references and composition
• Accessibility metadata schema for 3D assets
• Compressed USDZ export (AOM meshes + AVIF textures)
• USDStageComponent / USDPlayer RealityKit bridge

Example Invocations

User: "My MTKView content stretches when the iPad window resizes" → See skills/resizable-rendering.md

User: "My cached thumbnails look blurry in iPhone Mirroring" → See skills/resizable-rendering.md

User: "Should I use MetalANGLE or rewrite in native Metal?" → See skills/metal-migration.md

User: "I'm porting projectM from OpenGL ES to iOS" → See skills/metal-migration.md

User: "How do I convert this GLSL shader to Metal?" → See skills/metal-migration-ref.md

User: "Setting up MTKView for the first time" → See skills/metal-migration-ref.md

User: "My ported app shows a black screen" → See skills/metal-migration-diag.md

User: "Performance is worse after porting to Metal" → See skills/metal-migration-diag.md

User: "My app is stuck at 60fps on iPhone Pro" → See skills/display-performance.md

User: "How do I configure CADisplayLink for 120Hz?" → See skills/display-performance.md

User: "ProMotion not working in my Metal app" → See skills/display-performance.md

User: "How do I show a 3D model in my SwiftUI app?" → See skills/realitykit.md

User: "I need to display a USDZ model" → See skills/realitykit.md

User: "How do I set up RealityView?" → See skills/realitykit-ref.md

User: "My 3D model isn't showing in RealityView" → See skills/realitykit-diag.md

User: "How do I use RealityRenderer with Metal?" → See skills/realitykit-ref.md

User: "I need AR in my app" → See skills/realitykit.md

User: "How do I read and edit a USD file in Swift?" → See skills/usdkit.md

User: "How do I shrink my USDZ assets for delivery?" → See skills/usdkit.md

User: "How do I add pathfinding to my RealityKit scene?" → See skills/realitykit-ref.md (Part 10)

User: "My game's frame rate drops after an hour of play" → See skills/display-performance.md (Part 12)

User: "How do I run a neural network inside my Metal shader?" → See skills/metal-migration-ref.md (Part 6)

User: "My HDR photo looks washed out when I draw it into a CGContext" → See skills/hdr-color-ref.md

User: "How do I check whether an image's ICC profile carries a gain curve?" → See skills/hdr-color-ref.md