OpenShell TUI Development Guide

Comprehensive reference for any agent working on the OpenShell TUI.

1. Overview

The OpenShell TUI is a ratatui-based terminal UI for the OpenShell platform. It provides a keyboard-driven interface for managing gateways, sandboxes, and logs — the same operations available via the openshell CLI, but with a live, interactive dashboard.

• Launched via: openshell term or mise run term
• Crate: crates/openshell-tui/
• Key dependencies:
  • ratatui (workspace version) — uses frame.size() (not frame.area())
  • crossterm (workspace version) — terminal backend and event polling
  • tonic with TLS — gRPC client for the OpenShell gateway
  • tokio — async runtime for event loop, spawned tasks, and mpsc channels
  • openshell-core — proto-generated types (OpenShellClient, request/response structs)
  • openshell-bootstrap — gateway discovery (list_gateways())
• Theme: Adaptive dark/light via Theme struct — NVIDIA-branded green accents. Controlled by --theme flag, OPENSHELL_THEME env var, or auto-detection.

2. Domain Object Hierarchy

The data model follows a strict hierarchy: Gateway > Workspace > Sandboxes/Providers/Settings > Logs.

Gateway (discovered via openshell_bootstrap::list_gateways())
  ├── Global Settings (fetched via GetGatewayConfig)
  ├── Global Policy indicator (fetched via ListSandboxPolicies global=true)
  ├── Workspaces (fetched via ListWorkspaces)
  ├── Provider Profiles (fetched via ListProviderProfiles, workspace-scoped)
  ├── Providers (fetched via ListProviders, workspace-scoped)
  │     └── cached ProviderProfile (matched by type + workspace)
  └── Sandboxes (fetched via ListSandboxes, workspace-scoped)
        ├── Policy (fetched via GetSandboxConfig)
        ├── Settings (effective settings with scope, from GetSandboxConfig)
        ├── Draft recommendations (fetched via GetDraftPolicy)
        └── Logs (fetched via GetSandboxLogs + streamed via WatchSandbox)

• Gateways are discovered from on-disk config via openshell_bootstrap::list_gateways(). Each gateway has a name, endpoint, local/remote flag, and source label.
• Workspaces are fetched via ListWorkspaces. The user cycles through workspaces with [w], or views all workspaces at once. The current workspace scopes provider and sandbox lists.
• Provider Profiles are fetched per-workspace via ListProviderProfiles when providers_v2_enabled is true. Profiles are cached in a ProviderProfileCache keyed by (workspace, profile_id) and matched to providers by type. They provide category, credential metadata, endpoint/binary counts, and inference capability.
• Providers are fetched via ListProviders scoped to the current workspace. Each ProviderListEntry pairs a provider with its optional cached profile. When providers_v2_enabled is true, CRUD operations are read-only in the TUI; when false, the TUI supports create/update/delete.
• Global Settings are fetched via GetGatewayConfig and displayed in a tabbed pane alongside providers on the dashboard. Each setting is a registered key with a typed value (bool/int/string). Platform-admin access is required; PermissionDenied disables the pane.
• Sandboxes belong to the active gateway and workspace. Fetched via ListSandboxes with a periodic tick refresh.
• Sandbox Settings are effective settings returned by GetSandboxConfig, each with a scope (sandbox, global, or unset). Globally-managed settings are blocked from sandbox-level edits.
• Logs belong to a single sandbox. Initial batch fetched via GetSandboxLogs (500 lines), then live-tailed via WatchSandbox with follow_logs: true.

The title bar always reflects this hierarchy, reading left-to-right from general to specific:

OpenShell │ Current Gateway: <name> [source] (<status>) │ Workspace: <name|all> │ <screen/context>

3. Navigation & Screen Architecture

Screens (Screen enum)

Top-level layouts that own the full content area. Each has its own nav bar hints.

Focus (Focus enum)

Tracks which panel currently receives keyboard input.

Tab enums

Two tab enums control which sub-view renders within a focus area:

• MiddlePaneTab (Providers | GlobalSettings): toggles the middle dashboard pane between the provider list and the global settings table. Switched with [h/l].
• SandboxPolicyTab (Policy | Settings): toggles the sandbox bottom pane between the policy viewer and the sandbox settings table. Switched with [h].

Screen dispatch

The top-level ui::draw() function (ui/mod.rs) handles the chrome (title bar, nav bar, command bar) and dispatches to the correct screen module:

match app.screen {
    Screen::Splash => unreachable!(),
    Screen::Dashboard => dashboard::draw(frame, app, chunks[1]),
    Screen::Sandbox => draw_sandbox_screen(frame, app, chunks[1]),
}

Within the Sandbox screen, the top 20% renders sandbox metadata (sandbox_detail), and the bottom 80% dispatches based on focus and tab state:

match app.focus {
    Focus::SandboxLogs => sandbox_logs::draw(frame, app, chunks[1]),
    Focus::SandboxDraft => sandbox_draft::draw(frame, app, chunks[1]),
    _ => match app.sandbox_policy_tab {
        SandboxPolicyTab::Settings => sandbox_settings::draw(frame, app, chunks[1]),
        SandboxPolicyTab::Policy => sandbox_policy::draw(frame, app, chunks[1]),
    },
}

On the dashboard, the middle pane dispatches by MiddlePaneTab:

match app.middle_pane_tab {
    MiddlePaneTab::Providers => providers::draw(frame, app, chunks[1], mid_focused),
    MiddlePaneTab::GlobalSettings => global_settings::draw(frame, app, chunks[1], mid_focused),
}

Layout structure

Every frame renders four vertical regions:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Title bar (1 row) — brand + gateway + context│
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                             │
│ Main content (flexible)                     │
│                                             │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Nav bar (1 row) — context-sensitive key hints│
├─────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ Command bar (1 row) — `:` command input      │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Title bar examples

• Dashboard: >_ OpenShell ALPHA | Current Gateway: openshell [local] (Healthy) | Workspace: default | Dashboard
• Sandbox detail: >_ OpenShell ALPHA | Current Gateway: openshell [local] (Healthy) | Workspace: team-a | Sandbox: my-sandbox

Adding a new screen

1. Add a variant to Screen in app.rs.
2. Create a new module under src/ui/ with a pub fn draw(frame, app, area).
3. Add the module declaration in ui/mod.rs.
4. Add a match arm in ui::draw() to dispatch to the new module.
5. Add relevant Focus variants if the screen has multiple panels.
6. Add key handling methods in App for the new focus states.
7. Add nav bar hints in draw_nav_bar() for the new screen/focus combinations.

4. Data Fetching Pattern

Initial fetch first, then stream

Always grab a batch of initial data so the UI has content immediately, then attach streaming for live updates.

Logs example (spawn_log_stream in lib.rs):

Phase 1: GetSandboxLogs  →  500 initial lines  →  send via Event::LogLines
Phase 2: WatchSandbox(follow_logs: true)  →  live tail  →  send via Event::LogLines

Sandboxes: Fetched via ListSandboxes on a 2-second tick, scoped to the current workspace (or all workspaces).

Providers: Fetched via ListProviders on each tick. When providers_v2_enabled is true, provider profiles are also fetched per-workspace via ListProviderProfiles and cached in a ProviderProfileCache keyed by (workspace, profile_id).

Settings: Global settings are fetched via GetGatewayConfig on each tick. Sandbox settings are fetched alongside the sandbox policy via GetSandboxConfig and refreshed on each tick when viewing a sandbox.

Workspaces: The workspace list is fetched via ListWorkspaces on each tick.

Never block the event loop

All network calls must be spawned as async tasks via tokio::spawn. The event loop in lib.rs must remain responsive to keyboard input and rendering at all times.

Pattern:

// Background task sends data back via mpsc channel
let handle = tokio::spawn(async move {
    let result = client.some_rpc(request).await;
    let _ = tx.send(Event::SomeData(result));
});

Loading states

Show "Loading..." while async data is in flight (see sandbox_logs.rs — renders a loading message when filtered is empty and sandbox_log_lines is also empty).

Event channel

Background tasks communicate with the event loop via mpsc::UnboundedSender<Event>. The EventHandler provides a sender() method to clone the transmit handle. There are many Event variants for different async results (log lines, create results, provider CRUD results, setting CRUD results, draft action results, forward warnings):

// In lib.rs
spawn_log_stream(&mut app, events.sender());

// In the spawned task
let _ = tx.send(Event::LogLines(lines));

Access denial handling

Global settings and global policy queries may return PermissionDenied when the user lacks platform-admin access. The TUI sets global_settings_access_denied / global_policy_access_denied flags to stop retrying these calls on subsequent ticks, and clears the corresponding UI state.

gRPC timeouts

All gRPC calls use a 5-second timeout via tokio::time::timeout:

tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), client.health(req)).await

5. Style Guide & Colors

Theme System (theme.rs)

Colors and styles are defined in crates/openshell-tui/src/theme.rs via the Theme struct. The TUI supports dark and light terminal backgrounds.

Theme selection

Theme mode is controlled by three mechanisms (highest priority first):

1. --theme dark|light|auto CLI flag on openshell term
2. OPENSHELL_THEME environment variable
3. Auto-detection via COLORFGBG env var (falls back to dark)

The ThemeMode enum (Auto, Dark, Light) is resolved at startup via theme::detect() before entering raw mode.

Brand colors (theme::brand)

Theme struct fields

The Theme struct has 16 Style fields, accessed at runtime via app.theme:

Accessing the theme in draw functions

The Theme is stored on App and accessed via a local alias:

fn draw_my_widget(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, app: &App, area: Rect) {
    let t = &app.theme;
    frame.render_widget(
        Paragraph::new(Span::styled("Hello", t.text)),
        area,
    );
}

For functions that don't take &App (e.g., detail popups, helpers), pass &Theme as a parameter:

fn draw_detail_popup(frame: &mut Frame<'_>, data: &MyData, area: Rect, theme: &Theme) {
    let t = theme;
    // ...
}

Visual conventions

• Selected row: Green ▌ left-border marker on the selected row. Active gateway also gets a green ● dot.
• Focused panel: Border changes from border to border_focused style.
• Status indicators: Green for healthy/ready/info, yellow for degraded/provisioning/warn, red for unhealthy/error.
• Separators: Muted │ characters between title bar segments and nav bar sections.
• Log source labels: "sandbox" source renders in accent (green), "gateway" in muted.

6. UX Conventions

Destructive actions require confirmation

Always show a y/n confirm dialog before delete, stop, or other irreversible operations.

Delete sandbox 'my-sandbox'? [y] Confirm  [Esc] Cancel

The confirm_delete flag in App gates destructive key handling — while true, only y, n, and Esc are processed.

CLI parity

TUI actions should parallel openshell CLI commands so users have familiar mental models:

When adding new TUI features, check what the CLI offers and maintain consistency.

Scrollable views follow k9s conventions

Any scrollable content (logs, future long lists) should follow the k9s autoscroll pattern:

• Autoscroll on by default — when entering a scrollable view, it auto-follows new content
• Scrolling up pauses — any upward scroll (keyboard or mouse) disables autoscroll
• f or G re-enables — jump to bottom and resume following
• Visual indicator — show ● FOLLOWING (green) or ○ PAUSED (yellow) in the panel footer
• Mouse scroll supported — ScrollUp/ScrollDown events move by 3 lines and respect autoscroll state
• Scroll position shown — [current/total] in the panel footer

State is tracked via log_autoscroll: bool on App. The scroll_logs(delta) method handles both keyboard and mouse input uniformly.

Long content: truncate + detail popup

When content can exceed the viewport width (log lines, field lists, etc.):

• Truncate in the list view — hard-cut at the viewport's inner width and append …. This keeps density high and avoids wrapping that breaks the 1-line-per-entry model.
• Enter opens a detail popup — a centered overlay showing the full untruncated content with word-wrap. Esc or Enter closes it. Track the open state via Option<usize> index.
• Drop noise in the list view — omit empty fields, remove developer-internal info (like module paths / tracing targets) that the user doesn't need at a glance.
• Smart field ordering — for known message types (e.g. CONNECT, L7_REQUEST), put the most important fields first and trail with process ancestry / noise. Unknown types sort alphabetically.
• Show everything in the popup — the detail popup is where target, all fields (including empty ones if useful), and the full message are visible.

This pattern should be reused for any future view with potentially long entries.

Vim-style navigation

Keyboard-first, mouse-augmented

All actions are accessible via keyboard shortcuts displayed in the nav bar. The nav bar is context-sensitive — it shows different hints depending on the current screen and focus state. Mouse scrolling is supported as a convenience but never required — every action must have a keyboard equivalent.

Command mode

: enters command mode (like vim). The command bar renders at the bottom with a green : prompt and a block cursor. Currently supports:

• :q / :quit — exit the application

Esc returns to normal mode. Enter executes the command.

Screen-specific key hints

Dashboard (Gateways focus): [Tab] Switch Panel [Enter] Select [j/k] Navigate │ [:] Command [q] Quit

Dashboard (Providers focus, providers_v2): [Tab] Switch Panel [h/l] Switch Tab [j/k] Navigate [Enter] Detail read-only │ [:] Command [q] Quit

Dashboard (Providers focus, legacy): [Tab] Switch Panel [h/l] Switch Tab [j/k] Navigate [Enter] Detail [c] Create [u] Update [d] Delete │ [:] Command [q] Quit

Dashboard (Global Settings focus): [Tab] Switch Panel [h/l] Switch Tab [j/k] Navigate [Enter] Edit [d] Delete │ [:] Command [q] Quit

Dashboard (Sandboxes focus): [Tab] Switch Panel [j/k] Navigate [Enter] Select [c] Create Sandbox [w] Workspace │ [:] Command [q] Quit

Sandbox (Policy focus): [h] Switch Tab [j/k] Scroll [g/G] Top/Bottom [s] Shell [l] Logs [r] Rules [d] Delete │ [Esc] Back [q] Quit

Sandbox (Settings focus): [h/l] Switch Tab [j/k] Navigate [Enter] Edit [d] Delete │ [Esc] Back [q] Quit

Sandbox (Logs focus): [j/k] Navigate [Enter] Detail [g/G] Top/Bottom [f] Follow [s] Source: <filter> [y] Copy [Y] Copy All [v] Select [r] Rules │ [Esc] Policy [q] Quit

Sandbox (Draft focus): [j/k] Navigate [Enter] Detail [a] Approve [x] Reject [A] Approve All [p] Policy [l] Logs │ [Esc] Back [q] Quit

7. Architecture & Key Files

Module dependency flow

lib.rs (event loop, gRPC, async tasks, capability fetch)
  ├── app.rs (state + key handling + tab/workspace logic)
  ├── event.rs (Event enum + EventHandler)
  ├── clipboard.rs (copy support)
  ├── theme.rs (colors + styles)
  └── ui/
        ├── mod.rs (draw dispatcher, chrome, shared overlays)
        ├── splash.rs (boot screen)
        ├── dashboard.rs (3-pane layout: gateways + middle + sandboxes)
        ├── providers.rs (provider list with profile awareness)
        ├── global_settings.rs (settings table + edit/confirm overlays)
        ├── sandboxes.rs (sandbox table widget)
        ├── sandbox_detail.rs (metadata view)
        ├── sandbox_policy.rs (policy viewer)
        ├── sandbox_settings.rs (sandbox settings table + overlays)
        ├── sandbox_logs.rs (log viewer + visual selection)
        ├── sandbox_draft.rs (draft recommendations)
        ├── create_sandbox.rs (create sandbox modal)
        └── create_provider.rs (create/detail/update provider modals)

8. Technical Notes

Dependency constraints

• openshell-tui cannot depend on openshell-cli — this would create a circular dependency. TLS channel building for gateway switching is done directly in lib.rs using tonic::transport primitives (Certificate, Identity, ClientTlsConfig, Endpoint).
• Gateway authentication supports both mTLS and OIDC. connect_to_gateway() reads gateway metadata to determine the auth mode, then builds an EdgeAuthInterceptor (bearer token for OIDC, noop for mTLS).
• mTLS certs are read from ~/.config/openshell/gateways/<name>/mtls/ (ca.crt, tls.crt, tls.key).
• OIDC tokens are loaded via openshell_bootstrap::oidc_token::load_oidc_token() and checked for expiry.

Proto generated code

Proto types come from openshell-core which generates them from OUT_DIR via include!. They are not checked into the repo. Import paths look like:

use openshell_core::proto::openshell_client::OpenShellClient;
use openshell_core::proto::{ListSandboxesRequest, GetSandboxLogsRequest, ...};

Proto field gotchas

• DeleteSandboxRequest uses the name field (not id):

  let req = openshell_core::proto::DeleteSandboxRequest { name: sandbox_name };

• WatchSandboxRequest has extra fields beyond what you might need — always use ..Default::default():

  let req = openshell_core::proto::WatchSandboxRequest {
      id: sandbox_id,
      follow_status: false,
      follow_logs: true,
      follow_events: false,
      log_tail_lines: 0,
      ..Default::default()
  };

• SandboxLogLine proto fields: sandbox_id, timestamp_ms, level, target, message, source, fields (HashMap<String, String>).
• GetSandboxLogsRequest fields: sandbox_id, lines (u32), since_ms (i64), sources (Vec), min_level (String), workspace (String).
• ListSandboxesRequest fields: limit (i64), offset (i64), label_selector (String), workspace (String), all_workspaces (bool).
• ListProvidersRequest fields: limit (i64), offset (i64), workspace (String), all_workspaces (bool).
• ListWorkspacesRequest fields: limit (i64), offset (i64), label_selector (String).
• UpdateConfigRequest fields: name (String, sandbox name or empty for global), setting_key, setting_value, delete_setting (bool), global (bool), workspace.
• Most resource requests include a workspace field that scopes the operation to the current workspace.

gRPC timeouts

All gRPC calls use a 5-second timeout:

tokio::time::timeout(Duration::from_secs(5), client.health(req)).await

The connect timeout for gateway switching is 10 seconds with HTTP/2 keepalive at 10-second intervals.

Log streaming lifecycle

1. User presses [l] on sandbox detail → pending_log_fetch = true
2. Event loop sees the flag → calls spawn_log_stream()
3. Previous stream handle is aborted via cancel_log_stream()
4. New tokio::spawn task: fetches initial 500 lines, then streams via WatchSandbox
5. Lines arrive as Event::LogLines and are appended to app.sandbox_log_lines
6. Auto-scroll kicks in if the user is near the bottom (within 5 lines)
7. Stream is cancelled when user presses Esc or navigates away (handle is .abort()ed)

Gateway switching lifecycle

1. User selects a different gateway and presses Enter → pending_gateway_switch = Some(name)
2. Event loop calls handle_gateway_switch()
3. New channel is built via connect_to_gateway() (mTLS or OIDC depending on gateway metadata)
4. On success:
   • app.client is replaced with a new intercepted client
   • reset_sandbox_state() clears all sandbox/log/draft/policy data
   • fetch_providers_v2_setting() probes the new gateway's GetGatewayConfig to determine whether providers_v2 mode is enabled, so provider CRUD controls render correctly
   • refresh_data() runs the full capability refresh sequence: refresh_health → refresh_global_settings → refresh_workspaces → refresh_providers → refresh_sandboxes
5. On failure: status_text shows the error

Initial startup lifecycle

On launch, before the event loop starts:

1. fetch_providers_v2_setting() — probe gateway capability
2. refresh_gateway_list() — discover gateways from disk
3. refresh_data() — full refresh (health, global settings, workspaces, providers, sandboxes)

Workspace switching lifecycle

1. User presses [w] on the sandboxes panel → cycle_workspace() advances through discovered workspace names, then "all"
2. pending_workspace_refresh = true is set, cursor indices are reset
3. Event loop calls refresh_providers() and refresh_sandboxes() with the new workspace scope

Settings CRUD lifecycle (global and sandbox)

1. User presses [Enter] on a setting → edit overlay opens (bool types toggle inline and jump to confirmation)
2. Text input with validation (int, bool, string with allowed-values check)
3. [Enter] opens a confirmation popup → [y] fires the pending flag
4. Event loop spawns spawn_set_global_setting() or spawn_set_sandbox_setting() → UpdateConfig RPC
5. On success: re-fetches settings to reflect the change
6. [d] on a setting with a value → confirmation popup → spawn_delete_*_setting() → UpdateConfig with delete_setting: true

For sandbox settings, globally-managed entries (scope = global) are blocked from editing or deletion at the sandbox level.

9. Development Workflow

Build and run

# Build the crate
cargo build -p openshell-tui

# Run the TUI against the active gateway
mise run term

# Run with cargo-watch for hot-reload during development
mise run term:dev

# Format
cargo fmt -p openshell-tui

# Lint
cargo clippy -p openshell-tui

Pre-commit

Always run before committing:

mise run pre-commit

Gateway changes

If you change sandbox or server code that affects the backend, restart or redeploy the gateway for the compute platform you are using.

For Docker-backed local development:

mise run gateway:docker

For Kubernetes Helm deployments:

helm upgrade --install openshell deploy/helm/openshell --namespace openshell

For Kubernetes, pick up new sandbox images after changing sandbox code by deleting the pod manually so it gets recreated:

kubectl delete pod <pod-name> -n <namespace>

Adding a new gRPC call

1. Check the proto definitions in openshell-core for available RPCs and message types.
2. Add the call in lib.rs following the existing pattern (timeout wrapper, error handling, state update).
3. If the call is triggered by a key press, add a pending_* flag to App and handle it in the event loop.
4. If the call returns streaming data, spawn it as a background task and send results via Event variants.

Adding a new Event variant

1. Add the variant to Event in event.rs.
2. Handle it in the match events.next().await block in lib.rs.
3. Update App state as needed from the event data.