Decepticon

GATT service/characteristic enumeration on BLE peripherals, unauthenticated read/write exploitation, pairing downgrade to Just Works, and over-the-air sniffing with Sniffle or Ubertooth. Covers firmware update channels, hidden debug services, and missing auth on sensitive characteristics.

Firmware image extraction with binwalk and firmware-mod-kit — recursive archive carving, squashfs/jffs2/ubifs mounting, entropy analysis to detect packed/encrypted regions, and nested container handling. Entry point for all static filesystem analysis after a raw binary image is acquired.

Use when the engagement target is IoT, embedded Linux, RTOS, or any device reachable via UART/JTAG/SWD or by extracting its firmware. Covers firmware acquisition, binwalk extraction, filesystem mounting, default-credential hunting, bootloader attacks, wireless protocol sidebands (BLE, Zigbee, Z-Wave, LoRaWAN, sub-GHz).

Use when the target is an industrial control system or operational technology network running Modbus, BACnet, S7Comm/S7Comm Plus, DNP3, OPC-UA, or any PLC/HMI/SCADA stack. Engagements MUST set RoE flag industrial_safety_critical=true; this catalog gates every write-scope operation behind explicit operator confirmation regardless of HITL middleware.

XML External Entity (XXE) injection — local file reading via XML parsers, SOAP/WSDL API exploitation, blind out-of-band exfiltration, SVG/DOCX/XLSX upload XXE. Use for any challenge involving XML processing, SOAP endpoints, WSDL services, or XML-based file upload parsing.

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) — reflected, stored, DOM-based XSS exploitation. Covers filter bypass, CSP evasion, bot-triggered cookie exfiltration, admin page scraping, and headless browser flag extraction. Use for any challenge involving client-side JavaScript injection, Cross payloads, cookie theft, or browser-based exploitation.

XS-Leaks — cross-site information leaks via timing, frame counting, navigation, error oracles. Side-channel attacks against same-origin authenticated state.

XPath + XSLT injection — query manipulation in XML data stores, server-side XSLT RCE via document() / EXSLT extensions.

Unkeyed-input cache poisoning — X-Forwarded-Host/Scheme/Port, X-Original-URL, fat-GET, parameter cloaking, oversized-header DoS, and chains to stored-XSS / open redirect via shared caches.

WAF evasion — payload obfuscation, HTTP-level evasion, origin-IP discovery, rate/anomaly evasion, per-WAF notes (Cloudflare/Akamai/AWS WAF/ModSecurity).

HTTP verb/method tampering — auth bypass via HEAD/OPTIONS/arbitrary methods, X-HTTP-Method-Override, TRACE/PUT/DELETE exposure, framework routing flaws.

Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) — RCE through template engines. Covers Jinja2 (Python/Flask), Twig (PHP/Symfony), Freemarker (Java), ERB (Ruby), Razor (.NET). Includes engine fingerprinting, MRO chain construction, and filter bypass.

Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF) — exploiting server-side URL fetching to access internal services, cloud metadata (AWS/GCP/Azure), internal APIs, and port scanning. Covers IP bypass techniques, DNS rebinding, Gopher protocol smuggling, and redirect-based bypass.

SQL Injection — automated and manual exploitation of unsanitized SQL queries. Covers Union-based, Error-based, Blind (Boolean/Time-based), and Stacked queries. Includes sqlmap automation with WAF bypass tamper scripts.

HTTP Request Smuggling (HRS) — front-end / back-end parser disagreement attacks that desync the proxy stack. Covers CL.TE, TE.CL, TE.TE, CL.0, HTTP/2 downgrade (h2.cl, h2.te), pipelining, and connection-state pinning. Includes a confirm-desync gate, header obfuscation catalog, and minimal raw-socket Python harnesses (no smuggler.py available in sandbox).

SAML 2.0 attacks — XSW (XML Signature Wrapping) variants 1-8, comment injection, signature stripping, assertion forgery, IdP metadata abuse.

Race condition / TOCTOU exploitation — concurrent and parallel-request attacks against web applications that check then act, write session state before validating it, or perform slow operations that widen the race window. Covers single-endpoint races (double-spend, coupon abuse, balance overflow) and multi-endpoint state-leak races where a session write on one endpoint leaks privilege into another endpoint mid-request.

Reverse proxy misconfigurations — nginx alias traversal, Apache mod_rewrite SSRF, Spring Boot Actuator exposure, Tomcat manager, IIS short-name disclosure.

PHP type juggling and magic hash attacks — exploit loose comparison (==) with 0e-prefixed hash collisions and NULL returns to bypass authentication.

Open redirect + tabnabbing — URL filter bypass, OAuth chain extension, phishing infrastructure-free, SSRF chain.

OAuth 2.0 / OIDC attacks — redirect_uri bypass, state CSRF, code leak via Referer, response_type confusion, PKCE downgrade, scope creep, ATO chains.

NoSQL injection — MongoDB operator injection ($ne, $gt, $where, $regex), CouchDB / Firebase / Redis attack patterns, auth bypass, blind extraction.

2FA / OTP logic flaws — response & status tampering, brute force, OTP reuse, backup-code abuse, race conditions, missing-2FA on flows, remember-me bypass, password-reset skips 2FA.

Mass assignment + ORM leak — inject extra fields into create/update requests, escalate to admin, leak protected fields via response.

Path traversal and Local File Inclusion (LFI) — arbitrary file reading via directory traversal, PHP filter/input/data wrappers for RCE, log poisoning, static resource disclosure, and information leakage. Use for any challenge involving file path manipulation, ../ traversal, local file read, PHP wrappers, or sensitive file disclosure.