api-design

REST API设计模式，包括资源命名、状态码、分页、过滤、错误响应、版本控制和生产API的速率限制。

Quality

75%

Does it follow best practices?

Run evals on this skill

Adds up to 20 points to the overall score

View guide

Securityby

Passed

No findings from the security scan

Fix and improve this skill with Tessl

tessl review fix ./docs/zh-CN/skills/api-design/SKILL.md

API 设计模式

用于设计一致、对开发者友好的 REST API 的约定和最佳实践。

何时启用

设计新的 API 端点时
审查现有的 API 契约时
添加分页、过滤或排序功能时
为 API 实现错误处理时
规划 API 版本策略时
构建面向公众或合作伙伴的 API 时

资源设计

URL 结构

# Resources are nouns, plural, lowercase, kebab-case
GET    /api/v1/users
GET    /api/v1/users/:id
POST   /api/v1/users
PUT    /api/v1/users/:id
PATCH  /api/v1/users/:id
DELETE /api/v1/users/:id

# Sub-resources for relationships
GET    /api/v1/users/:id/orders
POST   /api/v1/users/:id/orders

# Actions that don't map to CRUD (use verbs sparingly)
POST   /api/v1/orders/:id/cancel
POST   /api/v1/auth/login
POST   /api/v1/auth/refresh

命名规则

# GOOD
/api/v1/team-members          # kebab-case for multi-word resources
/api/v1/orders?status=active  # query params for filtering
/api/v1/users/123/orders      # nested resources for ownership

# BAD
/api/v1/getUsers              # verb in URL
/api/v1/user                  # singular (use plural)
/api/v1/team_members          # snake_case in URLs
/api/v1/users/123/getOrders   # verb in nested resource

HTTP 方法和状态码

方法语义

方法	幂等性	安全性	用途
GET	是	是	检索资源
POST	否	否	创建资源，触发操作
PUT	是	否	完全替换资源
PATCH	否*	否	部分更新资源
DELETE	是	否	删除资源

*通过适当的实现，PATCH 可以实现幂等

状态码参考

# Success
200 OK                    — GET, PUT, PATCH (with response body)
201 Created               — POST (include Location header)
204 No Content            — DELETE, PUT (no response body)

# Client Errors
400 Bad Request           — Validation failure, malformed JSON
401 Unauthorized          — Missing or invalid authentication
403 Forbidden             — Authenticated but not authorized
404 Not Found             — Resource doesn't exist
409 Conflict              — Duplicate entry, state conflict
422 Unprocessable Entity  — Semantically invalid (valid JSON, bad data)
429 Too Many Requests     — Rate limit exceeded

# Server Errors
500 Internal Server Error — Unexpected failure (never expose details)
502 Bad Gateway           — Upstream service failed
503 Service Unavailable   — Temporary overload, include Retry-After

常见错误

# BAD: 200 for everything
{ "status": 200, "success": false, "error": "Not found" }

# GOOD: Use HTTP status codes semantically
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
{ "error": { "code": "not_found", "message": "User not found" } }

# BAD: 500 for validation errors
# GOOD: 400 or 422 with field-level details

# BAD: 200 for created resources
# GOOD: 201 with Location header
HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Location: /api/v1/users/abc-123

响应格式

成功响应

{
  "data": {
    "id": "abc-123",
    "email": "alice@example.com",
    "name": "Alice",
    "created_at": "2025-01-15T10:30:00Z"
  }
}

集合响应（带分页）

{
  "data": [
    { "id": "abc-123", "name": "Alice" },
    { "id": "def-456", "name": "Bob" }
  ],
  "meta": {
    "total": 142,
    "page": 1,
    "per_page": 20,
    "total_pages": 8
  },
  "links": {
    "self": "/api/v1/users?page=1&per_page=20",
    "next": "/api/v1/users?page=2&per_page=20",
    "last": "/api/v1/users?page=8&per_page=20"
  }
}

错误响应

{
  "error": {
    "code": "validation_error",
    "message": "Request validation failed",
    "details": [
      {
        "field": "email",
        "message": "Must be a valid email address",
        "code": "invalid_format"
      },
      {
        "field": "age",
        "message": "Must be between 0 and 150",
        "code": "out_of_range"
      }
    ]
  }
}

响应包装器变体

// Option A: Envelope with data wrapper (recommended for public APIs)
interface ApiResponse<T> {
  data: T;
  meta?: PaginationMeta;
  links?: PaginationLinks;
}

interface ApiError {
  error: {
    code: string;
    message: string;
    details?: FieldError[];
  };
}

// Option B: Flat response (simpler, common for internal APIs)
// Success: just return the resource directly
// Error: return error object
// Distinguish by HTTP status code

分页

基于偏移量（简单）

GET /api/v1/users?page=2&per_page=20

# Implementation
SELECT * FROM users
ORDER BY created_at DESC
LIMIT 20 OFFSET 20;

优点： 易于实现，支持“跳转到第 N 页” 缺点： 在大偏移量时速度慢（例如 OFFSET 100000），并发插入时结果不一致

基于游标（可扩展）

GET /api/v1/users?cursor=eyJpZCI6MTIzfQ&limit=20

# Implementation
SELECT * FROM users
WHERE id > :cursor_id
ORDER BY id ASC
LIMIT 21;  -- fetch one extra to determine has_next

{
  "data": [...],
  "meta": {
    "has_next": true,
    "next_cursor": "eyJpZCI6MTQzfQ"
  }
}

优点： 无论位置如何，性能一致；在并发插入时结果稳定 缺点： 无法跳转到任意页面；游标是不透明的

何时使用哪种

用例	分页类型
管理仪表板，小数据集 (<10K)	偏移量
无限滚动，信息流，大数据集	游标
公共 API	游标（默认）配合偏移量（可选）
搜索结果	偏移量（用户期望有页码）

过滤、排序和搜索

过滤

# Simple equality
GET /api/v1/orders?status=active&customer_id=abc-123

# Comparison operators (use bracket notation)
GET /api/v1/products?price[gte]=10&price[lte]=100
GET /api/v1/orders?created_at[after]=2025-01-01

# Multiple values (comma-separated)
GET /api/v1/products?category=electronics,clothing

# Nested fields (dot notation)
GET /api/v1/orders?customer.country=US

排序

# Single field (prefix - for descending)
GET /api/v1/products?sort=-created_at

# Multiple fields (comma-separated)
GET /api/v1/products?sort=-featured,price,-created_at

全文搜索

# Search query parameter
GET /api/v1/products?q=wireless+headphones

# Field-specific search
GET /api/v1/users?email=alice

稀疏字段集

# Return only specified fields (reduces payload)
GET /api/v1/users?fields=id,name,email
GET /api/v1/orders?fields=id,total,status&include=customer.name

认证和授权

基于令牌的认证

# Bearer token in Authorization header
GET /api/v1/users
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIs...

# API key (for server-to-server)
GET /api/v1/data
X-API-Key: sk_live_abc123

授权模式

// Resource-level: check ownership
app.get("/api/v1/orders/:id", async (req, res) => {
  const order = await Order.findById(req.params.id);
  if (!order) return res.status(404).json({ error: { code: "not_found" } });
  if (order.userId !== req.user.id) return res.status(403).json({ error: { code: "forbidden" } });
  return res.json({ data: order });
});

// Role-based: check permissions
app.delete("/api/v1/users/:id", requireRole("admin"), async (req, res) => {
  await User.delete(req.params.id);
  return res.status(204).send();
});

速率限制

响应头

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-RateLimit-Limit: 100
X-RateLimit-Remaining: 95
X-RateLimit-Reset: 1640000000

# When exceeded
HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Retry-After: 60
{
  "error": {
    "code": "rate_limit_exceeded",
    "message": "Rate limit exceeded. Try again in 60 seconds."
  }
}

速率限制层级

层级	限制	时间窗口	用例
匿名用户	30/分钟	每个 IP	公共端点
认证用户	100/分钟	每个用户	标准 API 访问
高级用户	1000/分钟	每个 API 密钥	付费 API 套餐
内部服务	10000/分钟	每个服务	服务间调用

版本控制

URL 路径版本控制（推荐）

/api/v1/users
/api/v2/users

优点： 明确，易于路由，可缓存 缺点： 版本间 URL 会变化

请求头版本控制

GET /api/users
Accept: application/vnd.myapp.v2+json

优点： URL 简洁 缺点： 测试更困难，容易忘记

版本控制策略

1. Start with /api/v1/ — don't version until you need to
2. Maintain at most 2 active versions (current + previous)
3. Deprecation timeline:
   - Announce deprecation (6 months notice for public APIs)
   - Add Sunset header: Sunset: Sat, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT
   - Return 410 Gone after sunset date
4. Non-breaking changes don't need a new version:
   - Adding new fields to responses
   - Adding new optional query parameters
   - Adding new endpoints
5. Breaking changes require a new version:
   - Removing or renaming fields
   - Changing field types
   - Changing URL structure
   - Changing authentication method

实现模式

TypeScript (Next.js API 路由)

import { z } from "zod";
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";

const createUserSchema = z.object({
  email: z.string().email(),
  name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
});

export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
  const body = await req.json();
  const parsed = createUserSchema.safeParse(body);

  if (!parsed.success) {
    return NextResponse.json({
      error: {
        code: "validation_error",
        message: "Request validation failed",
        details: parsed.error.issues.map(i => ({
          field: i.path.join("."),
          message: i.message,
          code: i.code,
        })),
      },
    }, { status: 422 });
  }

  const user = await createUser(parsed.data);

  return NextResponse.json(
    { data: user },
    {
      status: 201,
      headers: { Location: `/api/v1/users/${user.id}` },
    },
  );
}

Python (Django REST Framework)

from rest_framework import serializers, viewsets, status
from rest_framework.response import Response

class CreateUserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
    email = serializers.EmailField()
    name = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)

class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = User
        fields = ["id", "email", "name", "created_at"]

class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]

    def get_serializer_class(self):
        if self.action == "create":
            return CreateUserSerializer
        return UserSerializer

    def create(self, request):
        serializer = CreateUserSerializer(data=request.data)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        user = UserService.create(**serializer.validated_data)
        return Response(
            {"data": UserSerializer(user).data},
            status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
            headers={"Location": f"/api/v1/users/{user.id}"},
        )

Go (net/http)

func (h *UserHandler) CreateUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    var req CreateUserRequest
    if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
        writeError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_json", "Invalid request body")
        return
    }

    if err := req.Validate(); err != nil {
        writeError(w, http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, "validation_error", err.Error())
        return
    }

    user, err := h.service.Create(r.Context(), req)
    if err != nil {
        switch {
        case errors.Is(err, domain.ErrEmailTaken):
            writeError(w, http.StatusConflict, "email_taken", "Email already registered")
        default:
            writeError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "internal_error", "Internal error")
        }
        return
    }

    w.Header().Set("Location", fmt.Sprintf("/api/v1/users/%s", user.ID))
    writeJSON(w, http.StatusCreated, map[string]any{"data": user})
}

API 设计清单

发布新端点前请检查：

[ ] 资源 URL 遵循命名约定（复数、短横线连接、不含动词）
[ ] 使用了正确的 HTTP 方法（GET 用于读取，POST 用于创建等）
[ ] 返回了适当的状态码（不要所有情况都返回 200）
[ ] 使用模式（Zod, Pydantic, Bean Validation）验证了输入
[ ] 错误响应遵循带代码和消息的标准格式
[ ] 列表端点实现了分页（游标或偏移量）
[ ] 需要认证（或明确标记为公开）
[ ] 检查了授权（用户只能访问自己的资源）
[ ] 配置了速率限制
[ ] 响应未泄露内部细节（堆栈跟踪、SQL 错误）
[ ] 与现有端点命名一致（camelCase 对比 snake_case）
[ ] 已记录（更新了 OpenAPI/Swagger 规范）

Repository: xu-xiang/everything-claude-code-zh
Path: docs/zh-CN/skills/api-design/SKILL.md
Commit: dfbf946

Last updated: 3 days ago
First committed: 6 months ago

Is this your skill?

If you maintain this skill, you can claim it as your own. Once claimed, you can manage eval scenarios, bundle related skills, attach documentation or rules, and ensure cross-agent compatibility.