CloudKit

import CloudKit

let container = CKContainer.default()
// Or named: CKContainer(identifier: "iCloud.com.example.app")

let publicDB  = container.publicCloudDatabase
let privateDB = container.privateCloudDatabase
let sharedDB  = container.sharedCloudDatabase

// CREATE
let record = CKRecord(recordType: "Note")
record["title"] = "Meeting Notes" as CKRecordValue
record["body"] = "Discussed Q3 roadmap" as CKRecordValue
record["createdAt"] = Date() as CKRecordValue
record["tags"] = ["work", "planning"] as CKRecordValue
let saved = try await privateDB.save(record)

// FETCH by ID
let recordID = CKRecord.ID(recordName: "unique-id-123")
let fetched = try await privateDB.record(for: recordID)

// UPDATE -- fetch first, modify, then save
fetched["title"] = "Updated Title" as CKRecordValue
let updated = try await privateDB.save(fetched)

// DELETE
try await privateDB.deleteRecord(withID: recordID)

let zoneID = CKRecordZone.ID(zoneName: "NotesZone")
let zone = CKRecordZone(zoneID: zoneID)
try await privateDB.save(zone)

let recordID = CKRecord.ID(recordName: UUID().uuidString, zoneID: zoneID)
let record = CKRecord(recordType: "Note", recordID: recordID)

let predicate = NSPredicate(format: "title BEGINSWITH %@", "Meeting")
let query = CKQuery(recordType: "Note", predicate: predicate)
query.sortDescriptors = [NSSortDescriptor(key: "createdAt", ascending: false)]

let (results, _) = try await privateDB.records(matching: query)
for (_, result) in results {
    let record = try result.get()
    print(record["title"] as? String ?? "")
}

// Fetch all records of a type
let allQuery = CKQuery(recordType: "Note", predicate: NSPredicate(value: true))

// Full-text search across string fields
let searchQuery = CKQuery(
    recordType: "Note",
    predicate: NSPredicate(format: "self CONTAINS %@", "roadmap")
)

// Compound predicate
let compound = NSCompoundPredicate(andPredicateWithSubpredicates: [
    NSPredicate(format: "createdAt > %@", cutoffDate as NSDate),
    NSPredicate(format: "tags CONTAINS %@", "work")
])

// Query subscription -- fires when matching records change
let subscription = CKQuerySubscription(
    recordType: "Note",
    predicate: NSPredicate(format: "tags CONTAINS %@", "urgent"),
    subscriptionID: "urgent-notes",
    options: [.firesOnRecordCreation, .firesOnRecordUpdate]
)
let notifInfo = CKSubscription.NotificationInfo()
notifInfo.shouldSendContentAvailable = true  // silent push
subscription.notificationInfo = notifInfo
try await privateDB.save(subscription)

// Database subscription -- fires on any database change
let dbSub = CKDatabaseSubscription(subscriptionID: "private-db-changes")
dbSub.notificationInfo = notifInfo
try await privateDB.save(dbSub)

// Record zone subscription -- fires on changes within a zone
let zoneSub = CKRecordZoneSubscription(
    zoneID: CKRecordZone.ID(zoneName: "NotesZone"),
    subscriptionID: "notes-zone-changes"
)
zoneSub.notificationInfo = notifInfo
try await privateDB.save(zoneSub)

func application(
    _ application: UIApplication,
    didReceiveRemoteNotification userInfo: [AnyHashable: Any]
) async -> UIBackgroundFetchResult {
    let notification = CKNotification(fromRemoteNotificationDictionary: userInfo)
    guard notification?.subscriptionID == "private-db-changes" else { return .noData }
    // Fetch changes using CKSyncEngine or CKFetchRecordZoneChangesOperation
    return .newData
}

import CloudKit

final class SyncManager: CKSyncEngineDelegate {
    let syncEngine: CKSyncEngine

    init(container: CKContainer = .default()) {
        let config = CKSyncEngine.Configuration(
            database: container.privateCloudDatabase,
            stateSerialization: Self.loadState(),
            delegate: self
        )
        self.syncEngine = CKSyncEngine(config)
    }

    func handleEvent(_ event: CKSyncEngine.Event, syncEngine: CKSyncEngine) async {
        switch event {
        case .stateUpdate(let update):
            Self.saveState(update.stateSerialization)
        case .accountChange(let change):
            handleAccountChange(change)
        case .fetchedRecordZoneChanges(let changes):
            for mod in changes.modifications { processRemoteRecord(mod.record) }
            for del in changes.deletions { processRemoteDeletion(del.recordID) }
        case .sentRecordZoneChanges(let sent):
            for saved in sent.savedRecords { markSynced(saved) }
            for fail in sent.failedRecordSaves { handleSaveFailure(fail) }
        default: break
        }
    }

    func nextRecordZoneChangeBatch(
        _ context: CKSyncEngine.SendChangesContext,
        syncEngine: CKSyncEngine
    ) async -> CKSyncEngine.RecordZoneChangeBatch? {
        let pending = syncEngine.state.pendingRecordZoneChanges
            .filter { context.options.zoneIDs.contains($0) }
        return await CKSyncEngine.RecordZoneChangeBatch(
            pendingChanges: pending
        ) { recordID in self.recordToSend(for: recordID) }
    }
}

// Schedule changes
let zoneID = CKRecordZone.ID(zoneName: "NotesZone")
let recordID = CKRecord.ID(recordName: noteID, zoneID: zoneID)
syncEngine.state.add(pendingRecordZoneChanges: [.saveRecord(recordID)])

// Trigger immediate sync (pull-to-refresh)
try await syncEngine.fetchChanges()
try await syncEngine.sendChanges()

import SwiftData

@Model
class Note {
    var title: String
    var body: String?
    var createdAt: Date?
    @Attribute(.externalStorage) var imageData: Data?

    init(title: String, body: String? = nil) {
        self.title = title
        self.body = body
        self.createdAt = Date()
    }
}

let config = ModelConfiguration(
    "Notes",
    cloudKitDatabase: .private("iCloud.com.example.app")
)
let container = try ModelContainer(for: Note.self, configurations: config)

let kvStore = NSUbiquitousKeyValueStore.default

// Write
kvStore.set("dark", forKey: "theme")
kvStore.set(14.0, forKey: "fontSize")
kvStore.set(true, forKey: "notificationsEnabled")
kvStore.synchronize()

// Read
let theme = kvStore.string(forKey: "theme") ?? "system"

// Observe external changes
NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
    forName: NSUbiquitousKeyValueStore.didChangeExternallyNotification,
    object: kvStore, queue: .main
) { notification in
    guard let userInfo = notification.userInfo,
          let reason = userInfo[NSUbiquitousKeyValueStoreChangeReasonKey] as? Int,
          let keys = userInfo[NSUbiquitousKeyValueStoreChangedKeysKey] as? [String]
    else { return }

    switch reason {
    case NSUbiquitousKeyValueStoreServerChange:
        for key in keys { applyRemoteChange(key: key) }
    case NSUbiquitousKeyValueStoreInitialSyncChange:
        reloadAllSettings()
    case NSUbiquitousKeyValueStoreQuotaViolationChange:
        handleQuotaExceeded()
    default: break
    }
}

Task.detached {
    guard let ubiquityURL = FileManager.default.url(
        forUbiquityContainerIdentifier: "iCloud.com.example.app"
    ) else { return }  // iCloud not available

    let docsURL = ubiquityURL.appendingPathComponent("Documents")
    try FileManager.default.createDirectory(at: docsURL, withIntermediateDirectories: true)
    let cloudURL = docsURL.appendingPathComponent("report.pdf")
    try FileManager.default.setUbiquitous(true, itemAt: localURL, destinationURL: cloudURL)
}

func checkiCloudStatus() async throws -> CKAccountStatus {
    let status = try await CKContainer.default().accountStatus()
    switch status {
    case .available: return status
    case .noAccount: throw SyncError.noiCloudAccount
    case .restricted: throw SyncError.restricted
    case .temporarilyUnavailable: throw SyncError.temporarilyUnavailable
    case .couldNotDetermine: throw SyncError.unknown
    @unknown default: throw SyncError.unknown
    }
}

func handleCloudKitError(_ error: Error) {
    guard let ckError = error as? CKError else { return }
    switch ckError.code {
    case .networkFailure, .networkUnavailable:
        scheduleRetryWhenOnline()
    case .serverRecordChanged:
        resolveConflict(ckError)
    case .requestRateLimited, .zoneBusy, .serviceUnavailable:
        let delay = ckError.retryAfterSeconds ?? 3.0
        scheduleRetry(after: delay)
    case .quotaExceeded:
        notifyUserStorageFull()
    case .partialFailure:
        if let partial = ckError.partialErrorsByItemID {
            for (_, itemError) in partial { handleCloudKitError(itemError) }
        }
    case .changeTokenExpired:
        resetChangeToken()
    case .userDeletedZone:
        recreateZoneAndResync()
    default: logError(ckError)
    }
}

func resolveConflict(_ error: CKError) {
    guard error.code == .serverRecordChanged,
          let ancestor = error.ancestorRecord,
          let client = error.clientRecord,
          let server = error.serverRecord
    else { return }

    // Merge client changes into server record
    for key in client.changedKeys() {
        if server[key] == ancestor[key] {
            server[key] = client[key]           // Server unchanged, use client
        } else if client[key] == ancestor[key] {
            // Client unchanged, keep server (already there)
        } else {
            server[key] = mergeValues(          // Both changed, custom merge
                ancestor: ancestor[key], client: client[key], server: server[key])
        }
    }

    Task { try await CKContainer.default().privateCloudDatabase.save(server) }
}