Phoenix PubSub Patterns

Use this skill before writing ANY PubSub or real-time broadcast code.

RULES — Follow these with no exceptions

1. Subscribe inside if connected?(socket) — never subscribe on the static render, or the disconnected and connected phases both subscribe and you get duplicate messages
2. Broadcast from context modules, not LiveViews — keep real-time logic in the business layer
3. Only broadcast on success — pattern-match {:ok, result} in a private broadcast/2 and pass {:error, changeset} through untouched
4. Update assigns immutably with update/3 in handle_info/2 — never mutate socket.assigns
5. Match subscribe and broadcast topic strings exactly — topics are case-sensitive and must be identical
6. Add a handle_info/2 clause for every broadcast event — an unhandled message crashes the LiveView; add a catch-all when other processes may send messages
7. Test the full cycle through the LiveView — call the context function and assert the rendered view updates; don't test PubSub.broadcast in isolation

Implementation Workflow

1. Subscribe in mount — guard with if connected?(socket) to prevent duplicate subscriptions
2. Broadcast from context — add a private broadcast/2 helper that fires only on {:ok, result}
3. Handle in handle_info/2 — update assigns immutably with update/3
4. Verify with a test — call the context function and assert the LiveView reflects the change

Subscription Pattern

defmodule MyAppWeb.PostLive.Index do
  use MyAppWeb, :live_view

  @impl true
  def mount(_params, _session, socket) do
    if connected?(socket) do
      Phoenix.PubSub.subscribe(MyApp.PubSub, "posts")
    end

    {:ok, assign(socket, :posts, list_posts())}
  end

  @impl true
  def handle_info({:post_created, post}, socket) do
    {:noreply, update(socket, :posts, fn posts -> [post | posts] end)}
  end

  @impl true
  def handle_info({:post_updated, post}, socket) do
    {:noreply,
     update(socket, :posts, fn posts ->
       Enum.map(posts, fn
         p when p.id == post.id -> post
         p -> p
       end)
     end)}
  end

  @impl true
  def handle_info({:post_deleted, post}, socket) do
    {:noreply,
     update(socket, :posts, fn posts ->
       Enum.reject(posts, &(&1.id == post.id))
     end)}
  end
end

Broadcasting from Contexts

Broadcast from contexts, not LiveViews — keeps real-time logic in the business layer. Topic naming conventions:

• "posts" — collection-wide; events: {:post_created, post}, {:post_updated, post}, {:post_deleted, post}
• "posts:#{post.id}" — specific resource; events: {:post_updated, post}, {:comment_added, comment}
• "users:#{user.id}" — user-scoped; events: {:notification, notification}, {:message_received, message}

defmodule MyApp.Blog do
  def create_post(attrs) do
    %Post{}
    |> Post.changeset(attrs)
    |> Repo.insert()
    |> broadcast(:post_created)
  end

  def update_post(%Post{} = post, attrs) do
    post
    |> Post.changeset(attrs)
    |> Repo.update()
    |> broadcast(:post_updated)
  end

  def delete_post(%Post{} = post) do
    post
    |> Repo.delete()
    |> broadcast(:post_deleted)
  end

  # Only broadcast on success
  defp broadcast({:ok, post}, event) do
    Phoenix.PubSub.broadcast(MyApp.PubSub, "posts", {event, post})
    {:ok, post}
  end

  defp broadcast({:error, changeset}, _event) do
    {:error, changeset}
  end
end

Testing the Full PubSub Cycle

Test by calling context functions and asserting the LiveView reflects the update — do not test PubSub.broadcast in isolation.

defmodule MyAppWeb.PostLive.IndexTest do
  use MyAppWeb.ConnCase, async: true
  import Phoenix.LiveViewTest

  test "creates a post and LiveView updates in real time", %{conn: conn} do
    {:ok, view, _html} = live(conn, ~p"/posts")

    # Call the context function — it broadcasts internally
    {:ok, post} = MyApp.Blog.create_post(%{title: "Hello", body: "World"})

    # Assert the LiveView received and rendered the broadcast
    assert render(view) =~ post.title
  end

  test "deletes a post and LiveView removes it", %{conn: conn} do
    post = insert(:post)
    {:ok, view, _html} = live(conn, ~p"/posts")

    {:ok, _} = MyApp.Blog.delete_post(post)

    refute render(view) =~ post.title
  end
end

Troubleshooting / Validation Checkpoints

• Subscription not firing? Verify the LiveView is fully connected: subscriptions inside if connected?(socket) only run after WebSocket upgrade, not on the initial static render.
• Broadcast sent but LiveView not updating? Confirm the topic string in subscribe and broadcast match exactly (case-sensitive). Add a temporary IO.inspect in handle_info/2 to confirm the message is arriving.
• Duplicate messages? You subscribed outside the if connected?(socket) guard — the static render and the live render both subscribed.
• handle_info clause missing? An unhandled PubSub message will crash the LiveView process. Add a catch-all def handle_info(_, socket), do: {:noreply, socket} if other processes may send unexpected messages.

Common Pitfalls

Integration

Companion skills:

• phoenix-liveview-essentials — LiveView lifecycle that receives the broadcasts
• liveview-streams — apply broadcasts as targeted stream inserts/deletes
• phoenix-channels-essentials — broadcasting to non-LiveView clients