Core Bluetooth

Implement Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication on iOS using CBCentralManager (connecting to accessories) and CBPeripheralManager (advertising as an accessory). Targets Swift 6.3 / iOS 26+.

Contents

• Permissions and Background Modes
• Central vs Peripheral Roles
• Core Communication Contract
• State Restoration and MTU
• Route by Task
• Common Mistakes
• Review Checklist
• References

Permissions and Background Modes

Declare NSBluetoothAlwaysUsageDescription in Info.plist. For background execution, enable capabilities in Signing & Capabilities > Background Modes:

• Uses Bluetooth LE accessories: Central role in background (bluetooth-central)
• Acts as a Bluetooth LE accessory: Peripheral role in background (bluetooth-peripheral)

<key>NSBluetoothAlwaysUsageDescription</key>
<string>This app requires Bluetooth to connect to external fitness sensors.</string>
<key>UIBackgroundModes</key>
<array>
    <string>bluetooth-central</string>
</array>

Central vs Peripheral Roles

Core Communication Contract

1. Wait for .poweredOn: Never call scan, connect, or advertise until centralManagerDidUpdateState(_:) reports .poweredOn.
2. Retain discovered peripherals: You must store a strong reference to CBPeripheral instances returned in didDiscover. If released, connection drops immediately.
3. Scan with service UUIDs: In background mode, scanning without explicit CBUUID filters is disabled by iOS to preserve battery.
4. Discover narrowly: Pass specific [CBUUID] arrays to discoverServices and discoverCharacteristics rather than nil to avoid slow full-GATT enumeration.
5. Honor write types: Use .withResponse for acknowledged writes (peripheral(_:didWriteValueFor:error:)); use .withoutResponse only when canSendWriteWithoutResponse is verified.

State Restoration and MTU

• State Restoration: Pass CBCentralManagerOptionRestoreIdentifierKey during manager initialization to allow iOS to relaunch the app in the background when a Bluetooth event occurs. Handle restoration in centralManager(_:willRestoreState:).
• MTU & Packet Sizing: Check peripheral.maximumWriteValueLength(for:) before sending large payloads. The default BLE MTU is 23 bytes (20 payload bytes). Do not assume 512-byte MTU without checking.

Route by Task

• For a complete SwiftUI-ready @Observable BLE manager, read SwiftUI BLE Integration.
• For exponential backoff and automatic peripheral reconnection, read Reconnection Strategies.
• For byte buffers and binary data parsing helpers, read Data Parsing Helpers.
• For congestion control and packet flow management, read Write Flow Control.
• For managing multiple simultaneous peripherals, read Multiple Peripheral Management.
• For high-speed raw streaming without GATT overhead, read L2CAP Channels.
• For peripheral role request handling and subscription updates, read Peripheral Role: Responding to Requests.

Common Mistakes

• Initiating Bluetooth scanning before centralManagerDidUpdateState(_:) transitions to .poweredOn.
• Failing to retain the CBPeripheral reference during connection, leading to silent drops.
• Scanning without explicit service CBUUIDs in background mode (system ignores unfiltered background scans).
• Ignoring canSendWriteWithoutResponse, causing silent packet drops during burst writes.
• Performing heavy parsing or UI operations on the Core Bluetooth dispatch queue.

Review Checklist

• NSBluetoothAlwaysUsageDescription provided in Info.plist
• Required UIBackgroundModes configured (bluetooth-central / bluetooth-peripheral)
• State checked for .poweredOn before issuing commands
• Connected peripherals strongly referenced by the manager
• Service and characteristic discovery scoped to specific [CBUUID]
• Write type matches characteristic properties (.withResponse vs .withoutResponse)
• State restoration identifier configured and handled in willRestoreState
• Core Bluetooth delegate runs on a dedicated serial queue, with UI updates dispatched to @MainActor
• Maximum packet size validated with maximumWriteValueLength

References

• Core Bluetooth extended patterns and L2CAP guide
• Core Bluetooth documentation
• CBCentralManager
• CBPeripheral
• CBPeripheralManager